srand

(PHP 4, PHP 5)

srand — 播下随机数发生器种子

说明

void srand ([ int $seed ] )

用 seed 播下随机数发生器种子。seed 参数没有给出时，会被设为随时数。

Note: 自 PHP 4.2.0 起，不再需要用 srand() 或 mt_srand() 给随机数发生器播种，因为现在是由系统自动完成的。

参数

seed: 可选的种子值

返回值

没有返回值。

更新日志

版本	说明
Since 4.2.0	`seed` 成为可选，省略时会默认使用随机值。

范例

Example #1 srand() 例子

  <?php
 // seed with microseconds
 function  make_seed ()
{
  list( $usec ,  $sec ) =  explode ( ' ' ,  microtime ());
  return (float)  $sec  + ((float)  $usec  *  100000 );
}
 srand ( make_seed ());
 $randval  =  rand ();
 ?>

参见

rand() - 产生一个随机整数
getrandmax() - 显示随机数最大的可能值
mt_srand() - 播下一个更好的随机数发生器种子

用户评论:

[#1] Glauco Lins [2015-09-09 23:09:20]

srand and mt_srand are both initialized only once per process ID.

You cannot re-seed your rand algorithms after the first "srand", "mt_srand", "rand", "mt_rand", "shuffle", or any other rand-like function.

I have been facing an issue where after forking my process, all childs were generating exactly the same rand values.
This was due a first "shuffle" call on the parent process, so I could not re-seed the childs.

To solve my issue, I simple called "rand" N times, to offset the child rand generators.

# Offset the child rand generator by its PID
$n = (getmypid() % 100) * (10 * abs(microtime(true) - time()));
for ($n; $n > 0; $n--) {
rand(0, $n);
}

Since each pcntl_fork takes a while to be completed, the microtime offers an extra offset, other than one PID increment.

This small code will make at the WORST hypothesis 1000 iterations.

[#2] simon at labs dot coop [2013-12-25 09:19:43]

I can??t stress how important it is to seed your randomisation process in code! better still something we found in the BBS Days was if we didn??t seed from a token from outside our systems abstraction layer we would go in circles and so would our users. Here at chronolabs we offer a feed of randomly changing token on each impression, it also randomly displays a different number of them this is from http://seed.feeds.labs.coop in the example below I use DOM to load the XML, Extract the randomisation tokens and then with mt_srand and srand seed the random selecting processes! The following function when you call it will seed your random selection process in both the old and new random selection routines all you need to do is call the function! This will work with any version of PHP 5 and any earlier with DOM Objectivity.

function makeRandomSeeded() {
    $file = 'http://seed.feeds.labs.coop/';
    $doc = new DOMDocument();
    $doc->loadHTMLFile($file);
    $skip = array('This feed can', 'Current mode is');
    $elements = $doc->getElementsByTagName('description');
    foreach($elements as $element) {
        $seed = $element->nodeValue;
        $found = false;
        foreach($skip as $find) {
            if (substr($seed, 0, strlen($find))==$find) {
                $found = true;
            }
        }
        if ($found==false)
            $seeds[] = $seed;
    }
    shuffle($seeds);
    mt_srand($seeds[mt_rand(0, count($seeds)-1)]);
    srand($seeds[mt_rand(0, count($seeds)-1)]);
}

Remember when PHP says an integer this also include any character of the Ascii chart if you would like to see an example of this do the following:

<?php    $a = "000A";    while($a!="001B") {       echo $a;       $a++;    } ?>

[#3] simon at labs dot coop [2013-10-05 19:41:28]

Something we discovered in Sydney running BBS Systems before the net advent was here, if we didn't seed of another BBS we would going in circles in our System Physicality Abstraction Layers.. The important thing is to seed from a remote system and easy way at the Centroidal Plexus of the web (Chronolabs Cooperative) we offer a seed feed and the following code will randomise you out of the number cycle:

See in PHP both the letters and numbers are seedable as letters are treated as numbers as well. You can always use individual tokens by extracting the Element with DOM.. But below is equally effective!

<?php srand(file_get_contents('http://seed.feeds.labs.coop')); ?>

[#4] Niels Keurentjes [2011-02-25 05:22:33]

Keep in mind that the Suhosin patch which is installed by default on many PHP-installs such as Debian and DirectAdmin completely disables the srand and mt_srand functions for encryption security reasons. To generate reproducible random numbers from a fixed seed on a Suhosin-hardened server you will need to include your own pseudorandom generator code.

[#5] harmen at no dot spam dot rdzl dot nl [2009-04-10 10:53:52]

To generate a random number which is different every day, I used the number of days after unix epoch as a seed:

<?php srand(floor(time() / (60*60*24))); echo rand() % 100; ?>

My provider upgraded the php server recently, and calling srand(seed) does not seem to set the seed anymore. To let srand set the seed, add the following line to your .htaccess file

php_value suhosin.srand.ignore 0

Kudos to doc_z (http://www.webmasterworld.com/php/3777515.htm)

Harmen

[#6] bootc at bootc dot net [2005-06-06 08:03:11]

OK, to summarize what people have been saying so far:

1. DO NOT seed the RNG more than once if you can help it!
2. You HAVE TO seed the RNG yourself if you are using PHP < 4.2.0.
3. Using a prime multiplier to microtime() probably does very little. Use the Mersenne Twister instead.
4. You can use the Mersenne Twister PRNG with the mt_rand and mt_srand functions. This is faster and is more random.

[#7] edublancoa at gmail dot com [2004-12-23 01:39:48]

Another use of srand is to obtain the same value of rand in a determined time interval. Example: you have an array of 100 elements and you need to obtain a random item every day but not to change in the 24h period (just imagine "Today's Photo" or similar).
<?php $seed = floor(time()/86400); srand($seed); $item = $examplearray[rand(0,99)]; ?>
You obtain the same value every time you load the page all the 24h period.

[#8] no at spam dot com [2004-09-01 16:59:59]

I simply use this, and it has always worked fine:

function initRand ()
{
    static $randCalled = FALSE;
    if (!$randCalled)
    {
        srand((double) microtime() * 1000000);
        $randCalled = TRUE;
    }
}
function randNum ($low, $high)
{
    initRand();
    $rNum = rand($low, $high);
return $rNum;
}

[#9] ceo at l-i-e dot com [2002-02-22 17:53:23]

In addition to my earlier post being stupidly coded with $wasseeded = TRUE :-| here is an update:

In PHP4, I *BELIEVE* the random number generator will seed itself if you don't seed it.

In PHP3, or some versions of PHP3?, that was not the case -- An unseeded rand() wouldn't be random.

While it would "work fine" in terms of spitting out a number, an unseeded random number generator won't be very random in many situations unless it has been properly seeded.

I'm afraid I can't explain all the details of why this is because A) it would be an entire textbook, and B) I don't know them all by heart, even if I understood them 20 years ago in college.

If you are running PHP4, you are probably okay, and if you are happy with the randomness of your values, you are fine, but you may want to do a little test like:

<?php $stats[1] = 0; $stats[2] = 0; $stats[3] = 0; for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++){ $choice = rand(1,3); if (!$i){ echo "First random choice: $choice<BR>\n"; } $stats[$choice]++; } reset($stats); while (list($num, $count) = each($stats)){ echo "$num: $count<BR>\n"; } ?>

Run the test a half-dozen times and check that the distribution of 1, 2, and 3 is even, and that the first number chosen is not the same every time.

This is hardly an exhaustive test, but it at least gives some reassurance that the numbers aren't completely predictable.

You may also wish to switch to http://php.net/mt_rand which is faster (if you generate a *LOT* of numbers) and allegedly a "better" (more random) function.

Again, it would be an entire book to explain why mt_rand is "more random"...

YMMV. If you're doing "Casino Slots" with real money, you'd better do your homework on this. If you're giving away a free CD or something silly, who cares?

[#10] mlwmohawk at mohawksoft dot com [2001-11-02 07:51:56]

srand() is pretty tricky to get right. You should never seed a random number generator more than once per php process, if you do, your randomness is limited to the source of your seed.

The microtime function's micro-seconds portion has a very finite resolution, that is why the make_seed function was added to the document. You should never get the same seed twice.

In the later CVS versions, PHP will seed the random generator prior to performing a rand() if srand() was not previously called.

[#11] php_public at macfreek dot nl [2001-10-07 08:52:47]

The make_seed() function in the example code is VERY bad, and is in fact responsible for seeding always the same value, so that the output of rand() is the same with every page reload (!)

ALWAYS use:
(double)microtime()*1000000

See for more details my note on the mt_srand() page [ function.mt_srand.php ]

[#12] [2001-08-14 22:14:59]

I have a ramdon circulater that changes a piece of text once a day, and I use the following code to make sure the see is unique enough.

$tm = time();
$today = mktime(0, 0, 0, (int)date("n", $tm), (int)date("j", $tm), (int)date("Y", $tm));
srand($today / pi());

The pi works wonders for the whole thing and it works like a charm. Any other big decimal number will do as well, but pi is the most common "big" number.

[#13] akukula at min dot pl [2001-08-14 07:14:19]

Calling srand((double)microtime()*1000000),
then $a=rand(1000000,9999999), then srand((double)microtime()*$a)
adds nothing to the entrophy: the execution time of rand and srand is
constant, so the second microtime() produces nothing really fascinating. You may safely use just the first srand().

[#14] vonStahl at NOPE2SPAM dot ratio dot net [2001-07-27 05:32:13]

How about<br>
<?php srand((double)microtime()*1000000); $seed = rand(1000000,9999999); srand((double)microtime()*$seed); $yadda = rand (1,100); ?><br>
I used this in a test run with 1,000.000 calls for $yadda. Processing time increased by 0.0000061 seconds compared to a simple "srand((double)microtime()*1000000);"
$yadda had the value of each number between 1 and 100 for between 0.99999122% and 1.00000872% of all calls. That's random and fast enough for me. :)

[#15] rjones at ditzed dot org [2001-05-29 12:02:45]

As a sidenote on the usage of srand():

If you are making use of modular programming, it is probably better to try and call the srand routine from the parent script than from any modules you may be using (using REQUIRE or INCLUDE).
This way you get around the possibility of calling srand() more than once from different modules.

The flaw in this solution, of course, is when using modules produced by another programmer, or when producing modules for another programmer.
You cannot rely on another programmer calling the srand function before calling the modular function, so you would have to include the srand function inside the module in this case.

If you produce modules for use by other programmers then it is good practice to documentise the fact you have already called the srand function.
Or if you use a modular function produced by someone else, check their documentation, or check their source code.

[#16] rjones at ditzed dot org [2001-05-29 11:41:56]

Use the srand() seed "(double)microtime()*1000000" as mentioned by the richard@zend.com at the top of these user notes.

The most notable effect of using any other seed is that your random numbers tend to follow the same, or very similar, sequences each time the script is invoked.

Take note of the following script:

<?php srand($val); echo rand(0, 20) . ", "; echo rand(0, 20) . ", "; echo rand(0, 20) . ", "; echo rand(0, 20) . ", "; echo rand(0, 20); ?>

If you seed the generator with a constant, say; the number 5 ($val = 5), then the sequence generated is always the same, in this case (0, 18, 7, 15, 17) (for me at least, different processors/processor speeds/operating systems/OS releases/PHP releases/webserver software may generate different sequences).

If you seed the generator with time(), then the sequence is more random, but invokations that are very close together will have similar outputs.

As richard@zend.com above suggests, the best seed to use is (double) microtime() * 1000000, as this gives the greatest amount of psuedo-randomness. In fact, it is random enough to suit most users.
In a test program of 100000 random numbers between 1 and 20, the results were fairly balanced, giving an average of 5000 results per number, give or take 100. The deviation in each case varied with each invokation.

[#17] MakeMoolah at themail dot com [2001-01-28 15:16:15]

Sorry about that... ok, forget have of what I said up there ^.

The code that would prove my example is this:

<?php srand(5); echo(rand(1, 10)); srand(5); echo(rand(1, 10)); srand(5); echo(rand(1, 10)); ?>

Each time you SHOULD get the same answer, but if you did this:

<?php srand(5); echo(rand(1, 10)); echo(rand(1, 10)); echo(rand(1, 10)); ?>

then the answers would be different, and you'd be letting the random number formula do it's duty.

[#18] hagen at von-eitzen dot de [2000-10-10 03:51:12]

It is REALLY essential to make sure that srand is called only once.
This is a bit difficult if the call is hidden somewhere in third-party code you include. For example, I used a standard banner script that *seemed* to work well putting
three random banners in one frame. But in the long run, the choice appeared
somewhat biased - probably because srand was called once per banner, not
once per run.
It would be nice if the random number generator worked like in PERL: If You use the random function without having called srand ever before in a script,
srand is invoked before (and automatically with a nice seed, hopefully).
I suggest that one should do something like this:

<?php if (!$GLOBALS["IHaveCalledSrandBefore"]++) { srand((double) microtime() * 1000000); } ?>

(Depending on the situation, one might also work with a static variable instead)