比较这两种最流行的构建 web 应用程序的方法的优缺点
如今当提到 Web 开发时,您有许多选择。这些方法中许多都涉及到预处理 — 即,利用特定的标记将代码嵌入到 HTML 页面中,这些标记告诉预处理器,它们包含代码,并且应对它们作出处理。与 CGI 非常相似,这些代码在服务器上运行,并返回一些内容,这些内容表现为发回给浏览器的结果 HTML 页面的部分外观。开放源代码脚本语言 PHP 和 Microsoft 的 ASP.NET 框架中的语言都属于这种类型;JavaServer Pages (JSP) 和 Perl/Mason 也以这种方式运行。
在本文中,我将重点讲述 PHP — Oracle 已选择合并到其产品中的技术 — 和 ASP.NET。我将概述两者的各种优势和弱点,并着重讨论那些将帮助您决定开发项目应选择哪种技术的因素。有很多因素需要考虑,不同的项目可能诉诸于不同的技术。总之,您将看到在价格、速度和效率、安全性、跨平台支持等方面的逐项比较,以及开放源代码解决方案的优势。
什么是 ASP.NET?
ASP 最新的版本 ASP.NET 并不完全与 ASP 早期的版本后向兼容,因为该软件进行了完全重写。早期的 ASP 技术实际上与 PHP 的共同之处比与 ASP.NET 的共同之处多得多,ASP.NET 是用于构建 Web 应用程序的一个完整的框架。这个模型的主要特性之一是选择编程语言的灵活性。ASP.NET 可以使用脚本语言(如 VBScript、JScript、Perlscript 和 Python)以及编译语言(如 VB、C#、C、Cobol、Smalltalk 和 Lisp)。新框架使用通用语言运行环境 (CLR);先将您语言的源代码编译成 Microsoft 中间语言代码,然后 CLR 执行这些代码。
这个框架还提供真正的面向对象编程 (OOP),并支持真正的继承、多态和封装。.NET 类库根据特定的任务(例如,使用 XML 或图像处理)组织成可继承的类。
除了编程语言和方法之外,数据库访问也是要着重关心的一个因素。当您用 ASP.NET 编程时,可以用 ODBC 来集成数据库;ODBC 提供了一组一致的调用函数来访问您的目标数据库。
优势和弱点
ASP.NET 的优势很明显在于它简洁的设计和实施。这是面向对象的编程人员的梦想:语言灵活,并支持复杂的面向对象特性。在这种意义下,它真正能够与编程人员现有的技能进行互操作。
ASP.NET 的另一个优势是其开发环境。例如,开发人员可以使用 WebMatrix(一个社区支持的工具)、Visual Studio .NET 或各种 Borland 工具(如 Delphi 和 C++ Builder)。例如,Visual Studio 允许设置断点、跟踪代码段和查看调用堆栈。总而言之,它是一个复杂的调试环境。许多其他第三方的 ASP.NET IDE 解决方案也将必然出现。
但您得到了强健性,就将以损失效率为代价。ASP.NET 在内存使用和执行时间方面耗费非常大,这大部分归因于较长的代码路径。对基于 Web 的应用程序,这些局限可能是一个严重的问题,因为在 Web 上,您的应用程序可能扩展为每秒成千上万的用户。内存使用率还可能成为 Web 服务器上的一个问题。

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