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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP OPP机制和模式简介(抽象类、接口和契约式编程)_PHP

1.抽象类

抽象类机制中总是要定义一个公共的基类,而将特定的细节留给继承者来实现。通过抽象概念,可以在开发项目中创建扩展性很好的架构。任何一个类,如果它里面至少有一个方法是被声明为抽象的,那么这个类就必须被声明为抽象的。被定义为抽象的方法只是声明了其调用方式(参数),不能定义其具体的功能实现。在类的声明中使用 abstract 修饰符就可以将某个类声明为抽象的。

1.1方法原型(prototype)

是指方法的定义中剔除了方法体之后的签名。它包括存取级别、函数关键字、函数名称和参数。他不包含({})或者括号内部的任何代码。例如下面的代码就是一个方法原型:

复制代码 代码如下:
public function prototypeName($protoParam)

继承一个抽象类的时候,子类必须定义父类中的所有抽象方法;另外,这些方法的访问控制必须和父类中一样(或者更为宽松)。

1.2关于抽象类

    某个类只要包含至少一个抽象方法就必须声明为抽象类
    声明为抽象的方法,在实现的时候必须包含相同的或者更低的访问级别。
    不能使用 new 关键字创建抽象类的实例。
    被生命为抽象的方法不能包含函数体。
    如果将扩展的类也声明为抽象类,在扩展抽象类时,可以不用实现所有的抽象方法。(如果某个类从抽象类继承,当它没有实现基类中所声明的所有抽象方法时,它就必须也被声明为抽象的。)

1.3使用抽象类

复制代码 代码如下:
abstract class Car
{   
    abstract function getMaxSpeend();
}

class Roadster extends Car
{
    public $Speend;

    public function SetSpeend($speend = 0)
    {
        $this->Speend = $speend;
    }
    public function getMaxSpeend()
    {
        return $this->Speend;
    }
}

class Street
{
    public $Cars ;
    public $SpeendLimit ;

    function __construct( $speendLimit = 200)
    {
        $this -> SpeendLimit = $speendLimit;
        $this -> Cars = array();
    }

    protected function IsStreetLegal($car)
    {
        if ($car->getMaxSpeend() SpeendLimit)
        {
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    public function AddCar($car)
    {
        if($this->IsStreetLegal($car))
        {
            echo 'The Car was allowed on the road.';
            $this->Cars[] = $car;
        }
        else
        {
            echo 'The Car is too fast and was not allowed on the road.';
        }
    }
}

$Porsche911 = new Roadster();
$Porsche911->SetSpeend(340);

$FuWaiStreet = new Street(80);
$FuWaiStreet->AddCar($Porsche911);

/**
 *
 * @result
 *
 * The Car is too fast and was not allowed on the road.[Finished in 0.1s]
 *
 */
?>

2.对象接口

使用接口(interface),可以指定某个类必须实现哪些方法,但不需要定义这些方法的具体内容。

接口是通过 interface 关键字来定义的,就像定义一个标准的类一样,但其中定义所有的方法都是空的。

接口中定义的所有方法都必须是公有,这是接口的特性。

接口是一种类似于类的结构,可用于声明实现类所必须声明的方法。例如,接口通常用来声明API,而不用定义如何实现这个API。

    大多数开发人员选择在接口名称前加上大写字母I作为前缀,以便在代码和生成的文档中将其与类区别开来。

2.1使用接口

和集成抽象类需要使用 extends 关键字不同的是,实现接口使用的是 implements 关键字。一个类可以实现多个接口,这时,我们需要用逗号将他们隔开。如果将某个类标记为实现了某个接口,但却没有实现这个借口的所有方法,将会抛出错误。

2.2使用接口的案例

复制代码 代码如下:
abstract class Car
{   
    abstract function SetSpeend($speend = 0);
}

interface ISpeendInfo
{
    function GetMaxSpeend();
}

class Roadster extends Car implements ISpeendInfo
{

    public $Speend;

    public function SetSpeend($speend = 0)
    {
        $this->Speend = $speend;
    }

    public function getMaxSpeend()
    {
        return $this->Speend;
    }
}

class Street
{

    public $Cars ;
    public $SpeendLimit ;

    function __construct( $speendLimit = 200)
    {
        $this -> SpeendLimit = $speendLimit;
        $this -> Cars = array();
    }

    protected function IsStreetLegal($car)
    {
        if ($car->getMaxSpeend() SpeendLimit)
        {
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    public function AddCar($car)
    {
        if($this->IsStreetLegal($car))
        {
            echo 'The Car was allowed on the road.';
            $this->Cars[] = $car;
        }
        else
        {
            echo 'The Car is too fast and was not allowed on the road.';
        }
    }
}


$Porsche911 = new Roadster();
$Porsche911->SetSpeend(340);

$FuWaiStreet = new Street(80);
$FuWaiStreet->AddCar($Porsche911);

/**
 *
 * @result
 *
 * The Car is too fast and was not allowed on the road.[Finished in 0.1s]
 *
 */
?>

3.instanceof 操作符

instanceof 操作符是PHP5中的一个比较操作符。他接受左右两边的参数,并返回一个boolean值。这个操作符是用来确定对象的某个实例是否为特定的类型,或者是否从某个类型继承,又或者实现类某个特定的接口。

复制代码 代码如下:
echo $Porsche911 instanceof Car;
//result:1

echo $Porsche911 instanceof ISpeendInfo;
//result:1

4.契约式编程

契约式编程是指在编写类之前实现声明接口的一种编程实践。这种方法在保证类的封装性方面非常有用。使用契约式编程技术,我们可以在创建应用程序之前定义出视图实现的功能,这和建筑师在修建大楼之前先画好蓝图的做法非常相似。

5.总结

抽象类是使用 abstract 关键字声明的类。通过将某个类标记为抽象类,我们可以推迟实现所声明的方法。要将某个方法声明为抽象方法,只要去掉包含所有大括号的方法实体,将方法声明的代码行用分号结束即可。

抽象类不能直接实例化,他们必须被继承。

如果某个类从抽象类继承,当它没有实现基类中所声明的所有抽象方法时,它就必须也被声明为抽象的。

在接口中,我们可以声明没有方法体的方法原型,这点与抽象类很相似。他们之间的区别在于,接口不能声明任何具有方法体的方法;并且他们使用的语法也不一样。为了将揭开规则强制加到某个类上,我们需要使用implements关键字,而不是extends关键字。

有些情况下我们需要确定某个类是否是特定类的类型,或者是否实现了特定的接口。 instanceof 分成适合完成这个任务。instanceof 检查三件事情:实例是否是某个特定的类型,实例是否从某个特定的类型继承,实例或者他的任何祖先类是否实现类特定的接口。

某些语言具有从多个类继承的能力,这称为多重继承。PHP不支持多重继承。想法,他提供了为一个类声明多个接口的功能。

接口在声明类必须遵循的规则时非常有用。契约式编程技术使用这一功能来增强封装性,优化工作流。

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