在使用PHP开发Web应用的中,很多的应用都会要求用户注册,而注册的时候就需要我们对用户的信息进行处理了,最常见的莫过于就是邮箱和密码了,本文意在讨论对密码的处理:也就是对密码的加密处理。
MD5
相信很多PHP开发者在最先接触PHP的时候,处理密码的首选加密函数可能就是MD5了,我当时就是这样的:
$password = md5($_POST["password"]);
上面这段代码是不是很熟悉?然而MD5的加密方式目前在PHP的江湖中貌似不太受欢迎了,因为它的加密算法实在是显得有点简单了,而且很多破解密码的站点都存放了很多经过MD5加密的密码字符串,所以这里我是非常不提倡还在单单使用MD5来加密用户的密码的。
SHA256 和 SHA512
其实跟前面的MD5同期的还有一个SHA1加密方式的,不过也是算法比较简单,所以这里就一笔带过吧。而这里即将要说到的SHA256 和 SHA512都是来自于SHA2家族的加密函数,看名字可能你就猜的出来了,这两个加密方式分别生成256和512比特长度的hash字串。
他们的使用方法如下:
<?php $password = hash("sha256", $password);
PHP内置了hash()函数,你只需要将加密方式传给hash()函数就好了。你可以直接指明sha256, sha512, md5, sha1等加密方式。
盐值
在加密的过程,我们还有一个非常常见的小伙伴:盐值。对,我们在加密的时候其实会给加密的字符串添加一个额外的字符串,以达到提高一定安全的目的:
<?php function generateHashWithSalt($password) { $intermediateSalt = md5(uniqid(rand(), true)); $salt = substr($intermediateSalt, 0, 6); return hash("sha256", $password . $salt); } Bcrypt
如果让我来建议一种加密方式的话,Bcrypt可能是我给你推荐的最低要求了,因为我会强烈推荐你后面会说到的Hashing API,不过Bcrypt也不失为一种比较不错的加密方式了。
<?php function generateHash($password) { if (defined("CRYPT_BLOWFISH") && CRYPT_BLOWFISH) { $salt = '$2y$11$' . substr(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)), 0, 22); return crypt($password, $salt); } }
Bcrypt 其实就是Blowfish和crypt()函数的结合,我们这里通过CRYPT_BLOWFISH判断Blowfish是否可用,然后像上面一样生成一个盐值,不过这里需要注意的是,crypt()的盐值必须以$2a$或者$2y$开头,详细资料可以参考下面的链接:
http://www.php.net/security/crypt_blowfish.php
更多资料可以看这里:
http://php.net/manual/en/function.crypt.php
Password Hashing API
这里才是我们的重头戏,Password Hashing API是PHP 5.5之后才有的新特性,它主要是提供下面几个函数供我们使用:
password_hash() – 对密码加密.
password_verify() – 验证已经加密的密码,检验其hash字串是否一致.
password_needs_rehash() – 给密码重新加密.
password_get_info() – 返回加密算法的名称和一些相关信息.
虽然说crypt()函数在使用上已足够,但是password_hash()不仅可以使我们的代码更加简短,而且还在安全方面给了我们更好的保障,所以,现在PHP的官方都是推荐这种方式来加密用户的密码,很多流行的框架比如Laravel就是用的这种加密方式。
<?php $hash = password_hash($passwod, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
对,就是这么简单,一行代码,All done。
PASSWORD_DEFAULT目前使用的就是Bcrypt,所以在上面我会说推荐这个,不过因为Password Hashing API做得更好了,我必须郑重地想你推荐Password Hashing API。这里需要注意的是,如果你代码使用的都是PASSWORD_DEFAULT加密方式,那么在数据库的表中,password字段就得设置超过60个字符长度,你也可以使用PASSWORD_BCRYPT,这个时候,加密后字串总是60个字符长度。
这里使用password_hash()你完全可以不提供盐值(salt)和 消耗值 (cost),你可以将后者理解为一种性能的消耗值,cost越大,加密算法越复杂,消耗的内存也就越大。当然,如果你需要指定对应的盐值和消耗值,你可以这样写:
<?php $options = [ 'salt' => custom_function_for_salt(), //write your own code to generate a suitable salt 'cost' => 12 // the default cost is 10 ]; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options);
密码加密过后,我们需要对密码进行验证,以此来判断用户输入的密码是否正确:
<?php if (password_verify($password, $hash)) { // Pass } else { // Invalid }
很简单的吧,直接使用password_verify就可以对我们之前加密过的字符串(存在数据库中)进行验证了。
然而,如果有时候我们需要更改我们的加密方式,如某一天我们突然想更换一下盐值或者提高一下消耗值,我们这时候就要使用到password_needs_rehash()函数了
<?php if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12])) { // cost change to 12 $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12]); // don't forget to store the new hash! }
只有这样,PHP的Password Hashing API才会知道我们重现更换了加密方式,这样的主要目的就是为了后面的密码验证。
简单地说一下password_get_info(),这个函数一般可以看到下面三个信息:
algo – 算法实例
algoName – 算法名字
options – 加密时候的可选参数
所以,现在就开始用PHP 5.5吧,别再纠结低版本了。

PHP is a server-side scripting language used for dynamic web development and server-side applications. 1.PHP is an interpreted language that does not require compilation and is suitable for rapid development. 2. PHP code is embedded in HTML, making it easy to develop web pages. 3. PHP processes server-side logic, generates HTML output, and supports user interaction and data processing. 4. PHP can interact with the database, process form submission, and execute server-side tasks.

PHP has shaped the network over the past few decades and will continue to play an important role in web development. 1) PHP originated in 1994 and has become the first choice for developers due to its ease of use and seamless integration with MySQL. 2) Its core functions include generating dynamic content and integrating with the database, allowing the website to be updated in real time and displayed in personalized manner. 3) The wide application and ecosystem of PHP have driven its long-term impact, but it also faces version updates and security challenges. 4) Performance improvements in recent years, such as the release of PHP7, enable it to compete with modern languages. 5) In the future, PHP needs to deal with new challenges such as containerization and microservices, but its flexibility and active community make it adaptable.

The core benefits of PHP include ease of learning, strong web development support, rich libraries and frameworks, high performance and scalability, cross-platform compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. 1) Easy to learn and use, suitable for beginners; 2) Good integration with web servers and supports multiple databases; 3) Have powerful frameworks such as Laravel; 4) High performance can be achieved through optimization; 5) Support multiple operating systems; 6) Open source to reduce development costs.

PHP is not dead. 1) The PHP community actively solves performance and security issues, and PHP7.x improves performance. 2) PHP is suitable for modern web development and is widely used in large websites. 3) PHP is easy to learn and the server performs well, but the type system is not as strict as static languages. 4) PHP is still important in the fields of content management and e-commerce, and the ecosystem continues to evolve. 5) Optimize performance through OPcache and APC, and use OOP and design patterns to improve code quality.

PHP and Python have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the project requirements. 1) PHP is suitable for web development, easy to learn, rich community resources, but the syntax is not modern enough, and performance and security need to be paid attention to. 2) Python is suitable for data science and machine learning, with concise syntax and easy to learn, but there are bottlenecks in execution speed and memory management.

PHP is used to build dynamic websites, and its core functions include: 1. Generate dynamic content and generate web pages in real time by connecting with the database; 2. Process user interaction and form submissions, verify inputs and respond to operations; 3. Manage sessions and user authentication to provide a personalized experience; 4. Optimize performance and follow best practices to improve website efficiency and security.

PHP uses MySQLi and PDO extensions to interact in database operations and server-side logic processing, and processes server-side logic through functions such as session management. 1) Use MySQLi or PDO to connect to the database and execute SQL queries. 2) Handle HTTP requests and user status through session management and other functions. 3) Use transactions to ensure the atomicity of database operations. 4) Prevent SQL injection, use exception handling and closing connections for debugging. 5) Optimize performance through indexing and cache, write highly readable code and perform error handling.

Using preprocessing statements and PDO in PHP can effectively prevent SQL injection attacks. 1) Use PDO to connect to the database and set the error mode. 2) Create preprocessing statements through the prepare method and pass data using placeholders and execute methods. 3) Process query results and ensure the security and performance of the code.


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