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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialSeveral ways to handle passwords in PHP

在使用PHP开发Web应用的中,很多的应用都会要求用户注册,而注册的时候就需要我们对用户的信息进行处理了,最常见的莫过于就是邮箱和密码了,本文意在讨论对密码的处理:也就是对密码的加密处理。

MD5

相信很多PHP开发者在最先接触PHP的时候,处理密码的首选加密函数可能就是MD5了,我当时就是这样的:

$password = md5($_POST["password"]);

上面这段代码是不是很熟悉?然而MD5的加密方式目前在PHP的江湖中貌似不太受欢迎了,因为它的加密算法实在是显得有点简单了,而且很多破解密码的站点都存放了很多经过MD5加密的密码字符串,所以这里我是非常不提倡还在单单使用MD5来加密用户的密码的。

SHA256 和 SHA512

其实跟前面的MD5同期的还有一个SHA1加密方式的,不过也是算法比较简单,所以这里就一笔带过吧。而这里即将要说到的SHA256 和 SHA512都是来自于SHA2家族的加密函数,看名字可能你就猜的出来了,这两个加密方式分别生成256和512比特长度的hash字串。

他们的使用方法如下:

<?php
$password = hash("sha256", $password);

PHP内置了hash()函数,你只需要将加密方式传给hash()函数就好了。你可以直接指明sha256, sha512, md5, sha1等加密方式。

盐值

在加密的过程,我们还有一个非常常见的小伙伴:盐值。对,我们在加密的时候其实会给加密的字符串添加一个额外的字符串,以达到提高一定安全的目的:

<?php
function generateHashWithSalt($password) {
    $intermediateSalt = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
    $salt = substr($intermediateSalt, 0, 6);
    return hash("sha256", $password . $salt);
}
Bcrypt

如果让我来建议一种加密方式的话,Bcrypt可能是我给你推荐的最低要求了,因为我会强烈推荐你后面会说到的Hashing API,不过Bcrypt也不失为一种比较不错的加密方式了。

<?php
function generateHash($password) {
    if (defined("CRYPT_BLOWFISH") && CRYPT_BLOWFISH) {
        $salt = &#39;$2y$11$&#39; . substr(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)), 0, 22);
        return crypt($password, $salt);
    }
}

Bcrypt 其实就是Blowfish和crypt()函数的结合,我们这里通过CRYPT_BLOWFISH判断Blowfish是否可用,然后像上面一样生成一个盐值,不过这里需要注意的是,crypt()的盐值必须以$2a$或者$2y$开头,详细资料可以参考下面的链接:

http://www.php.net/security/crypt_blowfish.php

更多资料可以看这里:

http://php.net/manual/en/function.crypt.php

Password Hashing API

这里才是我们的重头戏,Password Hashing API是PHP 5.5之后才有的新特性,它主要是提供下面几个函数供我们使用:

password_hash() – 对密码加密.

password_verify() – 验证已经加密的密码,检验其hash字串是否一致.

password_needs_rehash() – 给密码重新加密.

password_get_info() – 返回加密算法的名称和一些相关信息.

虽然说crypt()函数在使用上已足够,但是password_hash()不仅可以使我们的代码更加简短,而且还在安全方面给了我们更好的保障,所以,现在PHP的官方都是推荐这种方式来加密用户的密码,很多流行的框架比如Laravel就是用的这种加密方式。

<?php
$hash = password_hash($passwod, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);

对,就是这么简单,一行代码,All done。

PASSWORD_DEFAULT目前使用的就是Bcrypt,所以在上面我会说推荐这个,不过因为Password Hashing API做得更好了,我必须郑重地想你推荐Password Hashing API。这里需要注意的是,如果你代码使用的都是PASSWORD_DEFAULT加密方式,那么在数据库的表中,password字段就得设置超过60个字符长度,你也可以使用PASSWORD_BCRYPT,这个时候,加密后字串总是60个字符长度。

这里使用password_hash()你完全可以不提供盐值(salt)和 消耗值 (cost),你可以将后者理解为一种性能的消耗值,cost越大,加密算法越复杂,消耗的内存也就越大。当然,如果你需要指定对应的盐值和消耗值,你可以这样写:

<?php
$options = [
    &#39;salt&#39; => custom_function_for_salt(), //write your own code to generate a suitable salt
    &#39;cost&#39; => 12 // the default cost is 10
];
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options);

密码加密过后,我们需要对密码进行验证,以此来判断用户输入的密码是否正确:

<?php
if (password_verify($password, $hash)) {
    // Pass
}
else {
    // Invalid
}

很简单的吧,直接使用password_verify就可以对我们之前加密过的字符串(存在数据库中)进行验证了。

然而,如果有时候我们需要更改我们的加密方式,如某一天我们突然想更换一下盐值或者提高一下消耗值,我们这时候就要使用到password_needs_rehash()函数了

<?php
if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, [&#39;cost&#39; => 12])) {
    // cost change to 12
    $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, [&#39;cost&#39; => 12]);
    // don&#39;t forget to store the new hash!
}

只有这样,PHP的Password Hashing API才会知道我们重现更换了加密方式,这样的主要目的就是为了后面的密码验证。

简单地说一下password_get_info(),这个函数一般可以看到下面三个信息:

algo – 算法实例

algoName – 算法名字

options – 加密时候的可选参数

所以,现在就开始用PHP 5.5吧,别再纠结低版本了。


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