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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP设计模式之迭代器模式的深入解析_php技巧

迭代器(Iterator)模式,它在一个很常见的过程上提供了一个抽象:位于对象图不明部分的一组对象(或标量)集合上的迭代。迭代有几种不同的具体执行方法:在数组属性,集合对象,数组,甚至一个查询结果集之上迭代。

在对象的世界里,迭代器模式要维持类似数组的功能,看作是一个非侵入性对象刻面(facet),Client类往往分离自真实对象实现,指iterator接口。只要有可能,我们可以给迭代器传送一个引用,代替将来可能发生变化的具体或抽象类。

参与者:
◆客户端(Client):
引用迭代器模式的方法在一组值或对象上执行一个循环。
◆迭代器(Iterator):在迭代过程上的抽象,包括next(),isFinished(),current()等方法。
◆具体迭代器(ConcreteIterators):在一个特定的对象集,如数组,树,组合,集合等上实现迭代。
通过Traversable接口,PHP原生态支持迭代器模式,这个接口由Iterator和IteratorAggregate做了扩展,这两个子接口不仅是定义了一套标准的方法,每个Traversable对象都可以原封不动地传递给foreach(),foreach是迭代器的主要客户端,Iterator实现是真正的迭代器,而IteratorAggregate是有其它职责的Traversable对象,它通过getIterator()方法返回一个Iterator。

标准PHP库是PHP中绑定的唯一通用目的面向对象库,定义了额外的接口和公用类。OuterIterator实现装饰一个Iterator,CachingIterator和LimitIterator是这个接口的两个例子。

RecursiveIterator是Iterator接口为树形结构实现的一个扩展,它定义了一组额外的方法检查迭代中当前元素的子对象是否存在。RecursiveArrayIterator和RecursiveDirectoryIterator是这个接口的实现示例,这些类型的迭代器可以原样使用,或是用一个RecursiveIteratorIterator桥接到一个普通的迭代器契约。这个OuterIterator实现将会根据构造参数执行深度优先或广度优先遍历。

使用RecursiveIteratorIterator时,可以将其传递给foreach,请看后面的代码示例,了解RecursiveIterators的不同用法和它们的超集Iterator。最后,SeekableIterators向契约添加了一个seek()方法,它可以用于移动Iterator的内部状态到一个特定的迭代点。 

注意,迭代器是比对象集更好的抽象,因为我们可以让InfiniteIterators,NoRewindIterators等,不用与普通数组阵列一致,因此,Iterator缺少count()函数等功能。

在PHP官方手册中可以找到完整的SPL迭代器列表。得益于对PHP的强力支持,使用迭代器模式的大部分工作都包括在标准实现中,下面的代码示例就利用了标准Iterator和RecursiveIterators的功能。

复制代码 代码如下:

        /** 
     * Collection that wraps a numeric array. 
     * All five public methods are needed to implement 
     * the Iterator interface. 
     */ 
    class Collection implements Iterator 
    { 
 private $_content; 
 private $_index = 0; 

 public function __construct(array $content) 
 { 
     $this->_content = $content; 
 } 

 public function rewind() 
 { 
     $this->_index = 0; 
 } 

 public function valid() 
 { 
     return isset($this->_content[$this->_index]); 
 } 

 public function current() 
 { 
     return $this->_content[$this->_index]; 
 } 

 public function key() 
 { 
     return $this->_index; 
 } 

 public function next() 
 { 
     $this->_index++; 
 } 
    } 

    $array = array('A', 'B', 'C', 'D'); 
    echo "Collection: "; 
    foreach (new Collection($array) as $key => $value) { 
 echo "$key => $value. "; 
    } 
    echo "\n";
    /** 
     * Usually IteratorAggregate is the interface to implement. 
     * It has only one method, which must return an Iterator 
     * already defined as another class (e.g. ArrayIterator) 
     * Iterator gives a finer control over the algorithm, 
     * because all the hook points of Iterator' contract 
     * are available for implementation. 
     */ 
    class NumbersSet implements IteratorAggregate 
    { 
 private $_content; 

 public function __construct(array $content) 
 { 
     $this->_content = $content; 
 } 

 public function contains($number) 
 { 
     return in_array($number, $this->_content); 
 } 

 /** 
  * Only this method is necessary to implement IteratorAggregate. 
  * @return Iterator 
  */ 
 public function getIterator() 
 { 
     return new ArrayIterator($this->_content); 
 } 
    } 

    echo "NumbersSet: "; 
    foreach (new NumbersSet($array) as $key => $value) { 
 echo "$key => $value. "; 
    } 
    echo "\n";
    // let's play with RecursiveIterator implementations 
    $it = new RecursiveArrayIterator(array( 
 'A', 
 'B', 
 array( 
     'C', 
     'D' 
 ), 
 array( 
     array( 
  'E', 
  'F' 
     ), 
     array( 
  'G', 
  'H', 
  'I' 
     ) 
 ) 
    )); 
    // $it is a RecursiveIterator but also an Iterator, 
    // so it loops normally over the four elements 
    // of the array. 
    echo "Foreach over a RecursiveIterator: "; 
    foreach ($it as $value) { 
 echo $value; 
 // but RecursiveIterators specify additional 
 // methods to explore children nodes 
 $children = $it->hasChildren() ? '{Yes}' : '{No}'; 
 echo $children, ' '; 
    } 
    echo "\n"; 
    // we can bridge it to a different contract via 
    // a RecursiveIteratorIterator, whose cryptic name 
    // should be read as 'an Iterator that spans over 
    // a RecursiveIterator'. 
    echo "Foreach over a RecursiveIteratorIterator: "; 
    foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator($it) as $value) { 
 echo $value; 
    } 
    echo "\n";
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