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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorialphp中Session的生成机制、回收机制和存储机制探究_php技巧

1、php中session的生成机制

我们先来分析一下PHP中是怎么生成一个session的。设计出session的目的是保持每一个用户的各种状态来弥补HTTP协议的不足(无状态)。我们现在有一个疑问,我们都知道session是保存在服务器的,既然它用于保持每一个用户的状态那它利用什么来区别用户的呢?这个时候就得借助cookie了。当我们在代码中调用session_start();时,PHP会同时往SESSION的存放目录(默认为/tmp/)和客户端的cookie目录各生成一个文件。session文件名称像这样:

格式为sess_{SESSIONID} ,这时session文件中没有任何内容,当我们在session_start();添加了这两行代码:

复制代码 代码如下:

$_SESSION['name'] = 'wanchun0222';

$_SESSION['blog'] = 'coderbolg.net';


这时文件就有内容了:
复制代码 代码如下:

name|s:11:"wanchun0222";blog|s:13:"coderbolg.net";

这时再看看cookie:

可以看到服务器为我们自动生成了一个cookie,cookie名称为"PHPSESSID",cookie内容是一串字符,其实这串字符就是{SESSIONID}。也许你已经明白了,当我们使用session时,PHP就先生成一个唯一的SESSIONID号(如2bd170b3f86523f1b1b60b55ffde0f66),再在我们服务器的默认目录下生成一个文件,文件名为sess_{SESSIONID},同时在当前用户的客户端生成一个cookie,内容已经说过了。这样PHP会为每一个用户生成一个SESSIONID,也就是说一个用户一个session文件。PHP第一次为某个用户使用session时就向客户端写入了cookie,当这个用户以后访问时,浏览器会带上这个cookie,PHP在拿到cookie后就读出里面的SESSIONID,拿着这个SESSIONID去session目录下找session文件。找到后在调用$_SESSION['blog']的时候显示出来。

2、php中session的过期回收机制

我们明白了session的生成及工作原理,发现在session目录下会有许多session文件。当然这些文件一定不是永远存在的,PHP一定提供了一种过期回收机制。在php.ini中session.gc_maxlifetime为session设置了生存时间(默认为1440s)。如果session文件的最后更新时间到现在超过了生存时间,这个session文件就被认为是过期的了。在下一次session回收的时候就会被删除。那下一次session回收是在什么时候呢?这和php请求次数有关的。在PHP内部机制中,当php被请求了N次后就会有一次触发回收机制。到底是请求多少次触发一次是通过以下两个参数控制的:

复制代码 代码如下:

session.gc_probability = 1

session.gc_divisor = 100


这是php.ini的默认设置,意思是每100次PHP请求就有一次回收发生。概率是 gc_probability/gc_divisor 。我们了解了服务器端的session过期机制,再来看看客户端的cookie的过期机制。

如果cookie失效了浏览器自然发送不了cookie到服务器,这时即使服务器的session文件存在也没用,因为PHP不知道要读取哪个session文件。我们知道PHP的cookie过期时间是在创建时设置的,那么PHP在创建session的同时为客户端创建的cookie的生命周期是多久呢?这个在php.ini中有设置:session.cookie_lifetime 。这个值默认是0,代表浏览器一关闭SESSIONID就失效。那就是说我们把session.gc_maxlifetime和session.cookie_lifetime设置成同一个值就可以控制session的失效时间了。

3、php中session的客户端存储机制

由上面的介绍我们可以知道,如果用户关闭了cookie,那我们的session就完全没法工作了。是的,确实是这样。php中session的客户端存储机制只有cookie吗?不是的。既然我们的SESSIONID 不能通过cookie传递到各个页面,那我们还有另一个法宝,就是通过页面GET传值的方式。

PHP可以在cookie被禁用时自动通过GET方式跨页传递SESSIONID,前提是设置php.ini的session.use_trans_sid为1。这时当我们在客户端禁用了cookie时使用了session,并在当前页面通过点击链接到另一页面时,PHP会自动在链接上添加SESSIONID参数,像这样:nextpage.php?SESSIONID=2bd170b3f86523f1b1b60b55ffde0f66。我想你应该看到了这种方式的缺点:好像不够安全啊。

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