


The beginning of in-depth exploration of PHP 5.0 object model_PHP tutorial
面向对象编程被设计来为大型软件项目提供解决方案,尤其是多人合作的项目. 当源代码增长到一万行甚至更多的时候,每一个更动都可能导致不希望的副作用. 这种情况发生于模块间结成秘密联盟的时候,就像第一次世界大战前的欧洲。 //haohappy注:喻指模块间的关联度过高,相互依赖性太强.更动一个模块导致其它模块也必须跟着更动。 想像一下,如果有一个用来处理登录的模块允许一个信用卡处理模块来分享它的数据库连接. 当然出发点是好的,节省了进行另一个数据库连接的支出.然而有时,登录处理模块改变了其中一个变量的名字,就可能割断了两者间的协议.导致信用卡模块的处理出错,进而导致处理发票的模块出错. 很快地,体系中所有无关的模块都可能由此出错. 因此,我觉得有点戏剧性地,绝大多数程序员都对耦合和封装心存感激. 耦合是两个模块间依赖程度的量度. 耦合越少越好.我们希望能够从已有的项目中抽走一个模块并在另一个新项目中使用. 我们也希望在某个模块内部大规模的更动而不用担心对其他模块的影响. 封装的原则可以提供这个解决方案.模块被看待成相对独立,并且模块间的数据通信通过接口来进行. 模块不通过彼此的变量名来窥探另一个模块,它们通过函数来礼貌地发送请求. 封装是你可以在任何编程语言中使用的一个原则. 在PHP和许多面向过程的语言中,可以偷懒是很有诱惑的.没有什么可以阻止你通过模块来构建一个假想的WEB. 面向对象编程是使程序员不会违背封装原则的一种方法. 在面向对象编程中,模块被组织成一个个对象. 这些对象拥有方法和属性. 从抽象的角度来看,方法是一个对象的所做的动作,而属性是对象的特性.从编程角度来看,方法就是函数而属性是变量. 在一个理想化的面向对象体系中,每个部份都是一个对象. 体系由对象及对象间通过方法来形成的联系构成. 一个类定义了对象的属性. 如果你在烘烤一组甜饼对象,那么类将会是甜饼机. 类的属性和方法是被调用的成员. 人们可以通过说出数据成员或者方法成员来表达. 每种语言提供了不同的途径来访问对象. PHP从C++中借用概念,提供一个数据类型用来在一个标识符下包含函数和变量。最初设计PHP的时候,甚至PHP3被开发出时,PHP并不打算提供开发超过10万行代码的大型项目的能力。随着PHP和Zend引擎的发展,开发大型项目变得有可能,但无论你的项目规模多大,用类来书写你的脚本将可以让代码实现重用。这是一个好主意,特别当你愿意与别人分享你的代码的时候。 有关对象的想法是计算机科学上最令人兴奋的概念之一。开始很难掌握它,但我可以保证,一旦你掌握了它,用它的思维来思考将会非常自然。 PHP5 的对象模型 PHP5有一个单重继承的,限制访问的,可以重载的对象模型. 本章稍后会详细讨论的”继承”,包含类间的父-子关系. 另外,PHP支持对属性和方法的限制性访问. 你可以声明成员为private,不允许外部类访问. 最后,PHP允许一个子类从它的父类中重载成员. PHP5的对象模型把对象看成与任何其它数据类型不同,通过引用来传递. PHP不要求你通过引用(reference)显性传递和返回对象. 在本章的最后将会详细阐述基于引用的对象模型. 它是PHP5中最重要的新特性. 有了更直接的对象模型,就拥有了附加的优势: 效率提高, 占用内存少,并且具有更大的灵活性. 在PHP的前几个版本中,脚本默认复制对象.现在PHP5只移动句柄,需要更少的时间. 脚本执行效率的提升是由于避免了不必要的复制. 在对象体系带来复杂性的同时,也带来了执行效率上的收益. 同时,减少复制意味着占用更少的内存,可以留出更多内存给其它操作,这也使效率提高. Zand引擎2具有更大的灵活性. 一个令人高兴的发展是允许析构--在对象销毁之前执行一个类方法. 这对于利用内存也很有好处,让PHP清楚地知道什么时候没有对象的引用,把空出的内存分配到其它用途. PHP5的内存管理 对象传递 PHP5 uses Zend Engine II. Objects are stored in a separate structure Object Store, instead of being stored in Zval like other general variables (in PHP4, objects are stored in Zval like general variables). Only the pointer of the object is stored in Zval rather than the content (value). When we copy an object or pass an object as a parameter to a function, we do not need to copy the data. Just keep the same object pointer and notify the Object Store that this particular object now points to via another zval. Since the object itself is located in the Object Store, any changes we make to it will affect all zval structures holding pointers to the object - manifested in the program as any changes to the target object will affect the source object. .This makes PHP objects look like they are always passed by reference, so objects in PHP are passed by "reference" by default and you no longer need to use & to declare them like in PHP4. Garbage collection mechanism Some languages, most typically C, require you to explicitly request memory allocation when you create a data structure. Once you allocate memory, you can store information in variables. At the same time, you also need to release the memory when you are finished using the variable, which allows the machine to free up memory for other variables and avoid running out of memory. PHP can automatically manage memory and clear objects that are no longer needed. PHP uses a simple garbage collection mechanism called reference counting. Each object contains a reference counter, and each reference connected to the object increases the counter by one. When reference leaves the living space or is set to NULL, the counter is decremented by 1. When an object's reference counter reaches zero, PHP knows that you no longer need to use this object and releases the memory space it occupies. For example: <?php $haohappy = new Person( ); unset($haohappy2); ?>
class Person{}
function sendEmailTo(){}
// Create a new object: Reference count = 1
$haohappy2 = $haohappy;
// Copy by reference: Reference count = 2
unset($haohappy);
// Deleting a reference: Reference count = 1
sendEmailTo($haohappy2);
// Passing an object by reference:
// During function execution:
// Reference count = 2
// After execution:
// Reference count = 1
//Delete reference: Reference count = 0 automatically release memory space

To protect the application from session-related XSS attacks, the following measures are required: 1. Set the HttpOnly and Secure flags to protect the session cookies. 2. Export codes for all user inputs. 3. Implement content security policy (CSP) to limit script sources. Through these policies, session-related XSS attacks can be effectively protected and user data can be ensured.

Methods to optimize PHP session performance include: 1. Delay session start, 2. Use database to store sessions, 3. Compress session data, 4. Manage session life cycle, and 5. Implement session sharing. These strategies can significantly improve the efficiency of applications in high concurrency environments.

Thesession.gc_maxlifetimesettinginPHPdeterminesthelifespanofsessiondata,setinseconds.1)It'sconfiguredinphp.iniorviaini_set().2)Abalanceisneededtoavoidperformanceissuesandunexpectedlogouts.3)PHP'sgarbagecollectionisprobabilistic,influencedbygc_probabi

In PHP, you can use the session_name() function to configure the session name. The specific steps are as follows: 1. Use the session_name() function to set the session name, such as session_name("my_session"). 2. After setting the session name, call session_start() to start the session. Configuring session names can avoid session data conflicts between multiple applications and enhance security, but pay attention to the uniqueness, security, length and setting timing of session names.

The session ID should be regenerated regularly at login, before sensitive operations, and every 30 minutes. 1. Regenerate the session ID when logging in to prevent session fixed attacks. 2. Regenerate before sensitive operations to improve safety. 3. Regular regeneration reduces long-term utilization risks, but the user experience needs to be weighed.

Setting session cookie parameters in PHP can be achieved through the session_set_cookie_params() function. 1) Use this function to set parameters, such as expiration time, path, domain name, security flag, etc.; 2) Call session_start() to make the parameters take effect; 3) Dynamically adjust parameters according to needs, such as user login status; 4) Pay attention to setting secure and httponly flags to improve security.

The main purpose of using sessions in PHP is to maintain the status of the user between different pages. 1) The session is started through the session_start() function, creating a unique session ID and storing it in the user cookie. 2) Session data is saved on the server, allowing data to be passed between different requests, such as login status and shopping cart content.

How to share a session between subdomains? Implemented by setting session cookies for common domain names. 1. Set the domain of the session cookie to .example.com on the server side. 2. Choose the appropriate session storage method, such as memory, database or distributed cache. 3. Pass the session ID through cookies, and the server retrieves and updates the session data based on the ID.


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