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PHP management dependency relationship tool Composer's automatic loading (autoload), dependencyautoload_PHP tutorial

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2016-07-13 10:20:42777browse

PHP管理依赖(dependency)关系工具 Composer的自动加载(autoload),dependencyautoload

举例来说,假设我们的项目想要使用 monolog 这个日志工具,就需要在composer.json里告诉composer我们需要它:

{
 "require": {
  "monolog/monolog": "1.*"
 }
}

之后执行:

php composer.phar install

好,现在安装完了,该怎么使用呢?Composer自动生成了一个autoload文件,你只需要引用它

require '/path/to/vendor/autoload.php';

然后就可以非常方便的去使用第三方的类库了,是不是感觉很棒啊!对于我们需要的monolog,就可以这样用了:

use Monolog\Logger;
use Monolog\Handler\StreamHandler;
// create a log channel
$log = new Logger('name');
$log->pushHandler(new StreamHandler('/path/to/log/log_name.log', Logger::WARNING));
// add records to the log
$log->addWarning('Foo');
$log->addError('Bar');

在这个过程中,Composer做了什么呢?它生成了一个autoloader,再根据各个包自己的autoload配置,从而帮我们进行自动加载的工作。(如果对autoload这部分内容不太了解,可以看我之前的 一篇文章
)接下来让我们看看Composer是怎么做的吧。

对于第三方包的自动加载,Composer提供了四种方式的支持,分别是 PSR-0和PSR-4的自动加载(我的一篇文章也有介绍过它们),生成class-map,和直接包含files的方式。

PSR-4是composer推荐使用的一种方式,因为它更易使用并能带来更简洁的目录结构。在composer.json里是这样进行配置的:

{
  "autoload": {
    "psr-4": {
      "Foo\\": "src/",
    }
  }
}

key和value就定义出了namespace以及到相应path的映射。按照PSR-4的规则,当试图自动加载 "Foo\\Bar\\Baz" 这个class时,会去寻找 "src/Bar/Baz.php" 这个文件,如果它存在则进行加载。注意, "Foo\\"
并没有出现在文件路径中,这是与PSR-0不同的一点,如果PSR-0有此配置,那么会去寻找

"src/Foo/Bar/Baz.php"

这个文件。

另外注意PSR-4和PSR-0的配置里,"Foo\\"结尾的命名空间分隔符必须加上并且进行转义,以防出现"Foo"匹配到了"FooBar"这样的意外发生。

在composer安装或更新完之后,psr-4的配置换被转换成namespace为key,dir path为value的Map的形式,并写入生成的 vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php 文件之中。

{
  "autoload": {
    "psr-0": {
      "Foo\\": "src/",
    }
  }
}

最终这个配置也以Map的形式写入生成的

vendor/composer/autoload_namespaces.php

文件之中。

Class-map方式,则是通过配置指定的目录或文件,然后在Composer安装或更新时,它会扫描指定目录下以.php或.inc结尾的文件中的class,生成class到指定file path的映射,并加入新生成的 vendor/composer/autoload_classmap.php 文件中,。

{
  "autoload": {
    "classmap": ["src/", "lib/", "Something.php"]
  }
}

例如src/下有一个BaseController类,那么在autoload_classmap.php文件中,就会生成这样的配置:

'BaseController' => $baseDir . '/src/BaseController.php'

Files方式,就是手动指定供直接加载的文件。比如说我们有一系列全局的helper functions,可以放到一个helper文件里然后直接进行加载

{
  "autoload": {
    "files": ["src/MyLibrary/functions.php"]
  }
}

它会生成一个array,包含这些配置中指定的files,再写入新生成的

vendor/composer/autoload_files.php

文件中,以供autoloader直接进行加载。

下面来看看composer autoload的代码吧

<&#63;php
// autoload_real.php @generated by Composer
class ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11
{
  private static $loader;
  public static function loadClassLoader($class)
  {
 if ('Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader' === $class) {
   require __DIR__ . '/ClassLoader.php';
 }
  }
  public static function getLoader()
  {
 if (null !== self::$loader) {
   return self::$loader;
 }
 spl_autoload_register(array('ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11', 'loadClassLoader'), true, true);
 self::$loader = $loader = new \Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader();
 spl_autoload_unregister(array('ComposerAutoloaderInit73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11', 'loadClassLoader'));
 $vendorDir = dirname(__DIR__); //verdor第三方类库提供者目录
 $baseDir = dirname($vendorDir); //整个应用的目录
 $includePaths = require __DIR__ . '/include_paths.php';
 array_push($includePaths, get_include_path());
 set_include_path(join(PATH_SEPARATOR, $includePaths));
 $map = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_namespaces.php';
 foreach ($map as $namespace => $path) {
   $loader->set($namespace, $path);
 }
 $map = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_psr4.php';
 foreach ($map as $namespace => $path) {
   $loader->setPsr4($namespace, $path);
 }
 $classMap = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_classmap.php';
 if ($classMap) {
   $loader->addClassMap($classMap);
 }
 $loader->register(true);
 $includeFiles = require __DIR__ . '/autoload_files.php';
 foreach ($includeFiles as $file) {
   composerRequire73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11($file);
 }
 return $loader;
  }
}
function composerRequire73612b48e6c3d0de8d56e03dece61d11($file)
{
  require $file;
}

首先初始化ClassLoader类,然后依次用上面提到的4种加载方式来注册/直接加载,ClassLoader的一些核心代码如下:

/**
  * @param array $classMap Class to filename map
  */
 public function addClassMap(array $classMap)
 {
  if ($this->classMap) {
   $this->classMap = array_merge($this->classMap, $classMap);
  } else {
   $this->classMap = $classMap;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers a set of PSR-0 directories for a given prefix,
  * replacing any others previously set for this prefix.
  *
  * @param string  $prefix The prefix
  * @param array|string $paths The PSR-0 base directories
  */
 public function set($prefix, $paths)
 {
  if (!$prefix) {
   $this->fallbackDirsPsr0 = (array) $paths;
  } else {
   $this->prefixesPsr0[$prefix[0]][$prefix] = (array) $paths;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers a set of PSR-4 directories for a given namespace,
  * replacing any others previously set for this namespace.
  *
  * @param string  $prefix The prefix/namespace, with trailing '\\'
  * @param array|string $paths The PSR-4 base directories
  *
  * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
  */
 public function setPsr4($prefix, $paths)
 {
  if (!$prefix) {
   $this->fallbackDirsPsr4 = (array) $paths;
  } else {
   $length = strlen($prefix);
   if ('\\' !== $prefix[$length - 1]) {
    throw new \InvalidArgumentException("A non-empty PSR-4 prefix must end with a namespace separator.");
   }
   $this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$prefix[0]][$prefix] = $length;
   $this->prefixDirsPsr4[$prefix] = (array) $paths;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Registers this instance as an autoloader.
  *
  * @param bool $prepend Whether to prepend the autoloader or not
  */
 public function register($prepend = false)
 {
  spl_autoload_register(array($this, 'loadClass'), true, $prepend);
 }
 /**
  * Loads the given class or interface.
  *
  * @param string $class The name of the class
  * @return bool|null True if loaded, null otherwise
  */
 public function loadClass($class)
 {
  if ($file = $this->findFile($class)) {
   includeFile($file);
   return true;
  }
 }
 /**
  * Finds the path to the file where the class is defined.
  *
  * @param string $class The name of the class
  *
  * @return string|false The path if found, false otherwise
  */
 public function findFile($class)
 {
  //这是PHP5.3.0 - 5.3.2的一个bug 详见https://bugs.php.net/50731
  if ('\\' == $class[0]) {
   $class = substr($class, 1);
  }
  // class map 方式的查找
  if (isset($this->classMap[$class])) {
   return $this->classMap[$class];
  }
  //psr-0/4方式的查找
  $file = $this->findFileWithExtension($class, '.php');
  // Search for Hack files if we are running on HHVM
  if ($file === null && defined('HHVM_VERSION')) {
   $file = $this->findFileWithExtension($class, '.hh');
  }
  if ($file === null) {
   // Remember that this class does not exist.
   return $this->classMap[$class] = false;
  }
  return $file;
 }
 private function findFileWithExtension($class, $ext)
 {
  // PSR-4 lookup
  $logicalPathPsr4 = strtr($class, '\\', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . $ext;
  $first = $class[0];
  if (isset($this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$first])) {
   foreach ($this->prefixLengthsPsr4[$first] as $prefix => $length) {
    if (0 === strpos($class, $prefix)) {
     foreach ($this->prefixDirsPsr4[$prefix] as $dir) {
      if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($logicalPathPsr4, $length))) {
       return $file;
      }
     }
    }
   }
  }
  // PSR-4 fallback dirs
  foreach ($this->fallbackDirsPsr4 as $dir) {
   if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr4)) {
    return $file;
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 lookup
  if (false !== $pos = strrpos($class, '\\')) {
   // namespaced class name
   $logicalPathPsr0 = substr($logicalPathPsr4, 0, $pos + 1)
    . strtr(substr($logicalPathPsr4, $pos + 1), '_', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
  } else {
   // PEAR-like class name
   $logicalPathPsr0 = strtr($class, '_', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . $ext;
  }
  if (isset($this->prefixesPsr0[$first])) {
   foreach ($this->prefixesPsr0[$first] as $prefix => $dirs) {
    if (0 === strpos($class, $prefix)) {
     foreach ($dirs as $dir) {
      if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr0)) {
       return $file;
      }
     }
    }
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 fallback dirs
  foreach ($this->fallbackDirsPsr0 as $dir) {
   if (file_exists($file = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $logicalPathPsr0)) {
    return $file;
   }
  }
  // PSR-0 include paths.
  if ($this->useIncludePath && $file = stream_resolve_include_path($logicalPathPsr0)) {
   return $file;
  }
 }

/**
 * Scope isolated include.
 *
 * Prevents access to $this/self from included files.
 */
function includeFile($file)
{
 include $file;
}

php 为何自动加载可以等同于上面的一群require?

凉良说得对。用autoload
用法相当简单,唯一的条件你的class名字必须跟目录名对称。
可以看例子
如果log.php在class的目录里面,里面的class名就应该这样取: class_log
6cefbe0758782de28700c4af2f51cc74

之后呢就在要include的地方加上这个function
可以看例子

7f0e850f63dc2819b62d860a0c384a55

根据这个方法应该行得通。
 

PHP 自动加载对象 __autoload

It seems that’s not how it is used!
The __autoload function will automatically call __autoload only when new ClassName and class ClassName does not exist. One parameter of this function is the class name. Then define in this function the execution code to find the class and include it.
Reference: www.oscodes.net

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