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if

if () {    statement;} else if {    statement;} elseif {    statement;} else {    statement;}

else if和elseif句法分析的含义有少许区别,但是底线是两者会产生完全一样的行为

循环
while () {    statement;}do {    statement;} while();for (;;) {    statement;}foreach (as) {    statement;}                   
break、continue

可以接受一个可选的数字参数来决定跳出几重循环

switch
switch () {    case :        statement;    default:        statement;}

允许使用分号代替 case 语句后的冒号

switch ($beer) {    case 'tuborg';    case 'carlsberg';    case 'heineken';        echo 'Good choice';    break;    default;        echo 'Please make a new selection...';    break;}
declare

declare 结构用来设定一段代码的执行指令。

目前只认识两个指令:ticks 以及 encoding

Ticks

Tick(时钟周期)是一个在 declare 代码段中解释器每执行 N 条可计时的低级语句就会发生的事件。N 的值是在 declare 中的 directive 部分用 ticks=N 来指定的

不是所有语句都可计时。通常条件表达式和参数表达式都不可计时。

tick 代表一个事件,事件的定义是在register_tick_function,事件的执行频率是在(ticks=n)。

用途,每执行几条语句就触发一次事件,比如记录事件。这样可以检查declare内的php代码的执行速度。可以找比较慢的部分发生的代码段位置。

<?php function doTicks ()    {        echo 'Ticks';    }    register_tick_function('doTicks');    declare(ticks = 1) {        for ($x = 1; $x < 10; ++ $x) {            echo $x * $x . '<br />';        }    }?>

运算结果:

1TicksTicks4TicksTicks9TicksTicks16TicksTicks25TicksTicks36TicksTicks49TicksTicks64TicksTicks81TicksTicksTicksTicks

首先完整的for循环算一个语句,但必须要等循环结束才算,因此在编译时for循环里面的echo 算第一个语句。
所以第一个doTicks是在第一个echo后执行的,也就是1输出后才发生第一个tick事件。
在 x从1到9的循环中,每个循环包括两个语句,一个echo,一个for循环。在81输出后,因为echo是一条语句,因此输出第一个ticks。同时 x=9的这个for循环也结束了,这又是一条语句,输出第二个ticks;开始$x=10的循环,但这时已不满足循环条件,for循环执行结束,这个循环又是一个语句,这时输出第三个ticks。
最后declare本身也算一条语句,所以又输出第四个ticks。

Encoding

可以用 encoding 指令来对每段脚本指定其编码方式

<?phpdeclare (encoding='ISO-8859-1');// code here?>
reutrn require、include、require_once、include_once

require 和 include 几乎完全一样,除了处理失败的方式不同之外。require 在出错时产生 E_COMPILE_ERROR 级别的错误。换句话说将导致脚本中止而 include 只产生警告(E_WARNING),脚本会继续运行。

goto

goto 操作符可以用来跳转到程序中的另一位置。该目标位置可以用目标名称加上冒号来标记,而跳转指令是 goto 之后接上目标位置的标记。

PHP 中的 goto 有一定限制,目标位置只能位于同一个文件和作用域,也就是说无法跳出一个函数或类方法,也无法跳入到另一个函数。也无法跳入到任何循环或者 switch 结构中。可以跳出循环或者 switch,通常的用法是用 goto 代替多层的 break。

<?phpgoto a;echo 'Foo';a:echo 'Bar';?>

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