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CAS是什么?

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:45 AM
casalgorithm

CAS是什么?

CAS是什么?

CAS是英文单词CompareAndSwap的缩写,中文意思是:比较并替换。CAS需要有3个操作数:内存地址V,旧的预期值A,即将要更新的目标值B。

CAS指令执行时,当且仅当内存地址V的值与预期值A相等时,将内存地址V的值修改为B,否则就什么都不做。整个比较并替换的操作是一个原子操作。

CAS是乐观锁技术,当多个线程尝试使用CAS同时更新同一个变量时,只有其中一个线程能更新变量的值,而其它线程都失败,失败的线程并不会被挂起,而是被告知这次竞争中失败,并可以再次尝试。   

概述

CAS(Compare-and-Swap),即比较并替换,是一种实现并发算法时常用到的技术,Java并发包中的很多类都使用了CAS技术

CAS有3个操作数,内存值V,旧的预期值A,要修改的新值B。当且仅当预期值A和内存值V相同时,将内存值V修改为B,否则什么都不做。

通常将 CAS 用于同步的方式是从地址 V 读取值 A,执行多步计算来获得新值 B,然后使用 CAS 将 V 的值从 A 改为 B。如果 V 处的值尚未同时更改,则 CAS 操作成功。

类似于 CAS 的指令允许算法执行读-修改-写操作,而无需害怕其他线程同时修改变量,因为如果其他线程修改变量,那么 CAS 会检测它(并失败),算法可以对该操作重新计算。

CAS无锁算法的C实现如下:

int compare_and_swap (int* reg, int oldval, int newval)
{
  ATOMIC();
  int old_reg_val = *reg;
  if (old_reg_val == oldval)
     *reg = newval;
  END_ATOMIC();
  return old_reg_val;
}

CAS的缺点:

CAS虽然很高效的解决了原子操作问题,但是CAS仍然存在三大问题。

  • 循环时间长开销很大。

  • 只能保证一个共享变量的原子操作。

  • ABA问题。

循环时间长开销很大:

我们可以看到getAndAddInt方法执行时,如果CAS失败,会一直进行尝试。如果CAS长时间一直不成功,可能会给CPU带来很大的开销。

只能保证一个共享变量的原子操作:

当对一个共享变量执行操作时,我们可以使用循环CAS的方式来保证原子操作,但是对多个共享变量操作时,循环CAS就无法保证操作的原子性,这个时候就可以用锁来保证原子性。

什么是ABA问题?ABA问题怎么解决?

如果内存地址V初次读取的值是A,并且在准备赋值的时候检查到它的值仍然为A,那我们就能说它的值没有被其他线程改变过了吗?

如果在这段期间它的值曾经被改成了B,后来又被改回为A,那CAS操作就会误认为它从来没有被改变过。这个漏洞称为CAS操作的“ABA”问题。Java并发包为了解决这个问题,提供了一个带有标记的原子引用类“AtomicStampedReference”,它可以通过控制变量值的版本来保证CAS的正确性。因此,在使用CAS前要考虑清楚“ABA”问题是否会影响程序并发的正确性,如果需要解决ABA问题,改用传统的互斥同步可能会比原子类更高效。

优点:

可以避免优先级倒置和死锁等危险,竞争比较便宜,协调发生在更细的粒度级别,允许更高程度的并行机制等等

JAVA对CAS的支持:

在JDK1.5 中新增 java.util.concurrent (J.U.C)就是建立在CAS之上的。相对于 synchronized 这种阻塞算法,CAS是非阻塞算法的一种常见实现。所以J.U.C在性能上有了很大的提升。

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