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html5指南(3)-實現拖曳功能

黄舟
黄舟原創
2017-03-22 16:05:521586瀏覽

  本文的內容是關於在html5中如何實作html元素拖曳功能。在html5之前要實現拖曳,需要藉助js,現在html5內部就支援了拖曳的功能,但是要實現稍微複雜的功能還是少不了js的幫忙。下面我們來看幾個例子。

  1.建立拖曳物件

  我們可以透過draggable屬性告訴瀏覽器,哪些元素需要實作拖曳功能。 draggable有三個值:true:元素可以拖曳;false:元素不能拖曳;auto:瀏覽器自己判斷元素是否能被拖曳。

  系統預設值是auto,但auto情況下瀏覽器對不同元素拖曳功能的支援是不一樣,如:支援img對象,不支援p對象。所以,如果需要拖曳一個元素,最好還是把draggale設定為true。下面我們來看一個範例:

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head>
    <title>Example</title>
    <style>
        #src > *        {
            float: left;
        }
        #target, #src > img        {
            border: thin solid black;
            padding: 2px;
            margin: 4px;
        }
        #target        {
            height: 123px;
            width: 220px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        #target > img        {
            margin: 1px;
        }
    </style></head><body>
    <p id="src">
        <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
        <p id="target">
            <p id="msg">
                drop here</p>
        </p>
    </p>
    <script>
        var src = document.getElementById("src");        
        var target = document.getElementById("target");    
        </script>
        </body>
        </html>

運作效果:

  2.處理拖曳

#1事件

  現在我們來了解拖曳相關的事件,有兩種類型的事件,一種是拖曳物件的事件,一種是投放區的事件。拖曳事件包括:dragstart:當元素拖曳開始觸發;drag:在元素拖曳過程中觸發;dragend:元素拖曳結束時觸發。下面我們就來看一個例子:

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head>
    <title>Example</title>
    <style>
        #src > *        {
            float: left;
        }
        #target, #src > img        {
            border: thin solid black;
            padding: 2px;
            margin: 4px;
        }
        #target        {
            height: 123px;
            width: 220px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        #target > img        {
            margin: 1px;
        }
        img.dragged        {
            background-color: Orange;
        }
    </style></head><body>
    <p id="src">
        <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
        <p id="target">
            <p id="msg">
                drop here</p>
        </p>
    </p>
    <script>
        var src = document.getElementById("src");        
        var target = document.getElementById("target");        
        var msg = document.getElementById("msg");
        src.ondragstart = function (e) {
            e.target.classList.add("dragged");
        }
        src.ondragend = function (e) {
            e.target.classList.remove("dragged");
            msg.innerHTML = "drop here";
        }
        src.ondrag = function (e) {
            msg.innerHTML = e.target.id;
        }    </script></body></html>

運作效果:

#   

3.建立投放區

#  我們來看投放區相關的事件:dragenter:當拖曳物件進入投放區時觸發;dragover:拖曳物件在投放區內移動時觸發;dragleave:拖曳物件沒有投放到投放區,離開投放區的時候觸發;drop:拖曳物件投放在投放區時觸發。

  我們來看一個範例:

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head>
    <title>Example</title>
    <style>
        #src > *        {
            float: left;
        }
        #target, #src > img        {
            border: thin solid black;
            padding: 2px;
            margin: 4px;
        }
        #target        {
            height: 123px;
            width: 220px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        #target > img        {
            margin: 1px;
        }
        img.dragged        {
            background-color: lightgrey;
        }
    </style></head><body>
    <p id="src">
        <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
        <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
        <p id="target">
            <p id="msg">
                drop here</p>
        </p>
    </p>
    <script>
        var src = document.getElementById("src");        
        var target = document.getElementById("target");        
        var msg = document.getElementById("msg");        
        var draggedID;
        target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
        target.ondragover = handleDrag;        
        function handleDrag(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
        }
        target.ondrop = function (e) {            
        var newElem = document.getElementById(draggedID).cloneNode(false);
            target.innerHTML = "";
            target.appendChild(newElem);
            e.preventDefault();
        }
        src.ondragstart = function (e) {
            draggedID = e.target.id;
            e.target.classList.add("dragged");
        }
        src.ondragend = function (e) {            
        var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged");            
        for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) {
                elems[i].classList.remove("dragged");
            }
        }    </script></body></html>

運行結果:

   

4 .使用DataTransfer

  我們使用DataTransfer從拖曳物件向投放區傳遞資料。 DataTransfer有下面的屬性與方法:types:傳回資料的格式;getData(0313a12b65aa20a048ec62b8cf470fd2):傳回指定格式資料;setData(0313a12b65aa20a048ec62b8cf470fd2, 1d029f6197b5a3eb8a3fdf0a088ddf55):設定指定格式資料;clearData(db67a7d68f7dcf3e1cbb6c58d46c7cd0):移除指定格式資料;files:傳回已經投放的檔案陣列。

   我們來看下面的例子,他實現的效果和例3一樣:

9a78f9382cfffc6c56b2ff1d7da5de14100db36a723c770d327fc0aef2ce13b193f0f5c25f18dab9d176bd4f6de5d30e
    b2386ffb911b14667cb8f0f91ea547a7Example6e916e0f7d1e588d4f442bf645aedb2f
    c9ccee2e6ea535a969eb3f532ad9fe89
        #src > *        {
            float: left;
        }
        #src > img        {
            border: thin solid black;
            padding: 2px;
            margin: 4px;
        }
        #target        {
            border: thin solid black;
            margin: 4px;
        }
        #target        {
            height: 123px;
            width: 220px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        img.dragged        {
            background-color: Orange;
        }
    531ac245ce3e4fe3d50054a55f2659279c3bca370b5104690d9ef395f2c5f8d16c04bd5ca3fcae76e30b72ad730ca86d
    d643afa7f44205fa36f73ddcbd859a1f
        4ebcc5acaaef9a420126fa5287284026
        c0bdd28485ad805bfb7e05724c72c844
        e07cff6edccd0ece2caea16e427bd7cd
        b542d434cdaa3cd747109219a835c8f5
            42e673d36f66c5d00fecbb811523d281
                drop here94b3e26ee717c64999d7867364b1b4a3
        94b3e26ee717c64999d7867364b1b4a3
    94b3e26ee717c64999d7867364b1b4a3
    3f1c4e4b6b16bbbd69b2ee476dc4f83a
        var src = document.getElementById("src");        
        var target = document.getElementById("target");
        target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
        target.ondragover = handleDrag;        
        function handleDrag(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
        }
        target.ondrop = function (e) {            
        var droppedID = e.dataTransfer.getData("Text");            
        var newElem = document.getElementById(droppedID).cloneNode(false);
            target.innerHTML = "";
            target.appendChild(newElem);
            e.preventDefault();
        }
        src.ondragstart = function (e) {
            e.dataTransfer.setData("Text", e.target.id);
            e.target.classList.add("dragged");
        }
        src.ondragend = function (e) {            
        var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged");            
        for (var i = 0; i 2cdd3b3430fe4db382eef792693250d536cc49f0c466276486e50c850b7e495673a6ac4ed44ffec12cee46588e518a5e
  

5.拖曳檔案

#  html5支援file api ,可以讓我們操作本地文件。一般我們不直接使用file api,我們可以結合其他特性一起使用,例如結合拖曳特效,如下例:

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head>
    <title>Example</title>
    <style>
        body > *        {
            float: left;
        }
        #target        {
            border: medium double black;
            margin: 4px;
            height: 75px;
            width: 200px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        table        {
            margin: 4px;
            border-collapse: collapse;
        }
        th, td        {
            padding: 4px;
        }
    </style></head><body>
    <p id="target">
        <p id="msg">
            Drop Files Here</p>
    </p>
    <table id="data" border="1">
    </table>
    <script>
        var target = document.getElementById("target");
        target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
        target.ondragover = handleDrag;        
        function handleDrag(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
        }

        target.ondrop = function (e) {            
        var files = e.dataTransfer.files;            
        var tableElem = document.getElementById("data");
            tableElem.innerHTML = "<tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Size</th></tr>";            
            for (var i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {                
            var row = "<tr><td>" + files[i].name + "</td>
            <td>" + files[i].type + "</td>
            <td>" + files[i].size + "</td></tr>";
                tableElem.innerHTML += row;
            }
            e.preventDefault();
        }    </script></body></html>
  DataTransfer返回FileList對象,我們可以把他當做file數組對象,file包含下面屬性:name:檔案名稱;type:檔案類型(MIME類型);size:檔案大小。

 運作效果:

#  

6.上傳檔案

  下面介紹一個透過拖曳ajax上傳檔案的實例。

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head>
    <title>Example</title>
    <style>
        .table        {
            display: table;
        }
        .row        {
            display: table-row;
        }
        .cell        {
            display: table-cell;
            padding: 5px;
        }
        .label        {
            text-align: right;
        }
        #target        {
            border: medium double black;
            margin: 4px;
            height: 50px;
            width: 200px;
            text-align: center;
            display: table;
        }
        #target > p        {
            display: table-cell;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
    </style></head><body>
    <form id="fruitform" method="post" action="/UploadHandler.ashx">
    <p class="table">
        <p class="row">
            <p class="cell label">
                Bananas:</p>
            <p class="cell">
                <input name="bananas" value="2" /></p>
        </p>
        <p class="row">
            <p class="cell label">
                Apples:</p>
            <p class="cell">
                <input name="apples" value="5" /></p>
        </p>
        <p class="row">
            <p class="cell label">
                Cherries:</p>
            <p class="cell">
                <input name="cherries" value="20" /></p>
        </p>
        <p class="row">
            <p class="cell label">
                File:</p>
            <p class="cell">
                <input type="file" name="file" /></p>
        </p>
        <p class="row">
            <p class="cell label">
                Total:</p>
            <p id="results" class="cell">
                0 items</p>
        </p>
    </p>
    <p id="target">
        <p id="msg">
            Drop Files Here</p>
    </p>
    <button id="submit" type="submit">
        Submit Form</button>
    </form>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var target = document.getElementById("target");        
        var httpRequest;        
        var fileList;

        target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
        target.ondragover = handleDrag;        
        function handleDrag(e) {
            e.preventDefault();
        }
        target.ondrop = function (e) {
            fileList = e.dataTransfer.files;
            e.preventDefault();
        }

        document.getElementById("submit").onclick = function handleButtonPress(e) {
            e.preventDefault();            
            var form = document.getElementById("fruitform");            
            var formData = new FormData(form);            
            if (fileList) {                
            for (var i = 0; i < fileList.length; i++) {
                    formData.append("file" + i, fileList[i]);
                }
            }

            httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
            httpRequest.onreadystatechange = handleResponse;
            httpRequest.open("POST", form.action);
            httpRequest.send(formData);
        }        function handleResponse() {            
        if (httpRequest.readyState == 4 && httpRequest.status == 200) {                
        var data = JSON.parse(httpRequest.responseText);
                document.getElementById("results").innerHTML = "You ordered " + data.total + " items";
            }
        }    
        </script>
        </body>
        </html>

效果:

############  上面的一些例子不同瀏覽器運行效果可能不同,我用的是chrome瀏覽器,除了範例5和6不支援多文件外,其他例子運作正常。大家可以下載demo。 ###

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