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supportsetlocaleNumericsabsacosacosfacoshacoshfacoshlacoslasinasinfasinhasinhfasinhlasinlatanatan2atan2fatan2latanfatanhatanhfatanhlatanlcabscabsfcabslcacoscacosfcacoshcacoshfcacoshlcacoslcargcargfcarglcasincasinfcasinhcasinhfcasinhlcasinlcatancatanfcatanhcatanhfcatanhlcatanlcbrtcbrtfcbrtlccosccosfccoshccoshfccoshlccoslceilceilfceillcexpcexpfcexplcimagcimagfcimaglclogclogfcloglCMPLXCMPLXFCMPLXLCommon mathematical functionscomplexComplex number 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generationrandRAND_MAXremainderremainderfremainderlremquoremquofremquolrintrintfrintlroundroundfroundlscalblnscalblnfscalblnlscalbnscalbnfscalbnlsignbitsinsinfsinhsinhfsinhlsinlsqrtsqrtfsqrtlsrandtantanftanhtanhftanhltanltgammatgammaftgammaltrunctruncftrunclType-generic math_Complex_I_Imaginary_IProgram supportabortatexitat_quick_exitexitEXIT_FAILUREEXIT_SUCCESSgetenvgetenv_sjmp_buflongjmpProgram support utilitiesquick_exitraisesetjmpSIGABRTSIGFPESIGILLSIGINTsignalSIGSEGVSIGTERMsig_atomic_tSIG_DFLSIG_ERRSIG_IGNsystem_ExitStringsatofatoiatolatollbtowcc16rtombc32rtombchar16_tchar32_tisalnumisalphaisblankiscntrlisdigitisgraphislowerisprintispunctisspaceisupperiswalnumiswalphaiswblankiswcntrliswctypeiswdigitiswgraphiswloweriswprintiswpunctiswspaceiswupperiswxdigitisxdigitmblenmbrlenmbrtoc16mbrtoc32mbrtowcmbsinitmbsrtowcsmbsrtowcs_smbstate_tmbstowcsmbstowcs_smbtowcmemchrmemcmpmemcpymemcpy_smemmovememmove_smemsetmemset_sNull-terminated byte stringsNull-terminated multibyte stringsNull-terminated wide stringsstrcatstrcat_sstrchrstrcmpstrcollstrcpystrcpy_sstrcspnstrerrorstrerrorlen_sstrerror_sStrings librarystrlenstrncatThread supportcall_oncecnd_broadcastcnd_destroycnd_initcnd_signalcnd_timedwaitcnd_waitmtx_destroymtx_initmtx_lockmtx_plainmtx_recursivemtx_timedmtx_timedlockmtx_trylockmtx_unlockonce_flagONCE_FLAG_INITthrd_busythrd_createthrd_currentthrd_detachthrd_equalthrd_errorthrd_exitthrd_jointhrd_nomemthrd_sleepthrd_successthrd_timedoutthrd_yieldThread support librarythread_localtss_createtss_deleteTSS_DTOR_ITERATIONStss_gettss_setType supportBoolean type support libraryFixed width integer typesFLT_EVAL_METHODFLT_ROUNDSmax_align_tNULLNumeric limitsoffsetofptrdiff_tsize_tType supportVariadic functionsVariadic functionsva_argva_copyva_endva_listva_start
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C语言标准精确地规定了C语言程序的可观察行为,除了以下几类:

  • 未定义的行为 - 对程序的行为没有限制。未定义行为的例子是数组边界之外的内存访问,有符号整数溢出,空指针取消引用,在没有序列点的表达式中多次修改相同标量,通过不同类型的指针访问对象等。编译器不需要诊断未定义的行为(虽然诊断了许多简单情况),编译后的程序不需要做任何有意义的事情。

  • 未指定的行为 - 允许两个或更多行为,并且不需要实现来记录每个行为的影响。例如,评估顺序,相同的字符串文字是否不同等。每个未指定的行为都会导致一组有效结果中的一个,并且在同一程序中重复时可能会产生不同的结果。

  • 实现定义的行为 - 未指定的行为,其中每个实现记录如何进行选择。例如,一个字节中的位数,或者有符号整数右移是算术还是逻辑。

  • 特定于语言环境的行为 - 实现定义的行为取决于当前选择的语言环境。例如,对于islower除26个小写拉丁字母以外的任何字符,是否返回true。

(注意:严格符合的程序不依赖于任何未指定的,未定义的或实现定义的行为)。

编译器需要为任何违反C语法规则或语义约束的程序发布诊断消息(错误或警告),即使其行为被指定为未定义或实现定义的,或者编译器提供了允许它的语言扩展接受这样的计划。对未定义行为的诊断不是必需的。

UB和优化

由于正确的C程序没有未定义的行为,因此编译器可能会在实际具有UB的程序在启用优化的情况下编译时产生意外的结果:

例如,

签名溢出

int foo(int x) {    return x+1 > x; // either true or UB due to signed overflow}

可能被编译为(演示)。

foo(int):
        movl    $1, %eax
        ret

访问出界

int table[4] = {};int exists_in_table(int v){    // return true in one of the first 4 iterations or UB due to out-of-bounds access    for (int i = 0; i <= 4; i++) {        if (table[i] == v) return 1;    }    return 0;}

可以编译为(演示)。

exists_in_table(int):
        movl    $1, %eax
        ret

未初始化的标量

bool p; // uninitialized local variableif(p) // UB access to uninitialized scalar    puts("p is true");if(!p) // UB access to uninitialized scalar    puts("p is false");

可能产生以下输出(用旧版本的gcc观察):

p is truep is false
size_t f(int x){
    size_t a;    if(x) // either x nonzero or UB
        a = 42;    return a; }

可以编译为(演示)。

f(int):
        mov     eax, 42
        ret

访问传递给realloc的指针

选择clang以观察显示的输出。

#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>int main(void) {
    int *p = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));
    int *q = (int*)realloc(p, sizeof(int));    *p = 1; // UB access to a pointer that was passed to realloc    *q = 2;    if (p == q) // UB access to a pointer that was passed to realloc        printf("%d%d\n", *p, *q);}

可能的输出:

12

无限循环无副作用

选择clang以观察显示的输出。

#include <stdio.h>
 int fermat() {  const int MAX = 1000;
  int a=1,b=1,c=1;  // Endless loop with no side effects is UB  while (1) {    if (((a*a*a) == ((b*b*b)+(c*c*c)))) return 1;
    a++;    if (a>MAX) { a=1; b++; }    if (b>MAX) { b=1; c++; }    if (c>MAX) { c=1;}  }  return 0;}
 int main(void) {  if (fermat())    puts("Fermat's Last Theorem has been disproved.");  else    puts("Fermat's Last Theorem has not been disproved.");}

可能的输出:

Fermat's Last Theorem has been disproved.

参考

  • C11标准(ISO / IEC 9899:2011):

    • 3.4行为(p:3-4)

    • 4/2未定义的行为(p:8)

  • C99标准(ISO / IEC 9899:1999):

    • 3.4行为(p:3-4)

    • 4/2未定义的行为(p:7)

  • C89 / C90标准(ISO / IEC 9899:1990):

    • 1.6术语定义

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