AlgorithmsAlgorithms（算法）bsearchbsearch_sqsortqsort_sAtomic operationsAtomic operations library（原子操作库）ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREEatomic_compare_exchange_strongatomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicitatomic_compare_exchange_weakatomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicitatomic_exchangeatomic_exchange_explicitatomic_fetch_addatomic_fetch_add_explicitatomic_fetch_andatomic_fetch_and_explicitatomic_fetch_oratomic_fetch_or_explicitatomic_fetch_subatomic_fetch_sub_explicitatomic_fetch_xoratomic_fetch_xor_explicitatomic_flagatomic_flag_clearatomic_flag_clear_explicitATOMIC_FLAG_INITatomic_flag_test_and_setatomic_flag_test_and_set_explicitatomic_initatomic_is_lock_freeatomic_loadatomic_load_explicitatomic_signal_fenceatomic_storeatomic_store_explicitatomic_thread_fence（线程围栏）ATOMIC_VAR_INITkill_dependencymemory_order（内存排序）C keywordsauto（自动存储）break（跳出循环）C keywords（关键词）casecharconst（常量修饰符）continuedefault（预设运算式）dodouble（双精度浮点型）elseenum（枚举类型）extern（全局变量）float（浮点数）forfortrangoto（goto语句）if（if语句）inline（行内函式）intlong（长整型）register（寄存器变量）restrict（ restrict类型限定符）returnshortsignedsizeof（sizeof运算符）static（静态变量）struct（结构体）switch（switch语句）typedef（typedef关键字）union（联合体）unsigned（无符号）void（空类型）volatile（volatile变量）while（while语句）_Alignas_Alignof_Atomic_Bool_Complex_Generic_Imaginary_Noreturn_Static_assert_Thread_localC language#define directive#elif directive#else directive#endif directive#error directive#if directive#ifdef directive#ifndef directive#include directive#line directive#pragma directivealignas（对齐指定符）Alternative operators and tokens（替代运算符和令牌）AnalyzabilityArithmetic operatorsArithmetic typesArray declaration（数组声明）Array initialization（阵列初始化）ASCII ChartAssignment operators（赋值运算符）types（atomic类型限定符）Basic conceptsBit fields（位域）break statementC languageC Operator Precedencecast operatorcharacter constant（字符字面量）Comments（注释符）Comparison operators（比较运算符）compound literals（符合字面量）Conditional inclusion（条件包含）Conformance（一致性）const type qualifier（const 限定符）Constant expressions（常量表达）continue statementDeclarations（声明）do-while loopEnumerations（枚举类型）Escape sequences（转义字符）Expressions（表达式）External and tentative definitions（外部和暂定的定义）File scope（文件范围）floating constant（浮点常量）for loopFunction declarations（函数声明）Function definitions（函数声明）FunctionsGeneric selection泛型选择goto statementIdentifier（标示符）if statementImplicit conversions（隐式转换）Increment/decrement operators（前置/后置操作符）Initialization（初始化）inline function specifier（内联函式）integer constantLifetime（生命期）Logical operators（逻辑运算符）Lookup and name spacesMain function（主函式）Member access operators（会员接入运营商）Memory modelObjects and alignment（字节对齐）Order of evaluation（评估顺序）Other operatorsPhases of translation（翻译阶段）Pointer declarationPreprocessor（预处理）restrict type qualifier（restrict类型限定符）return statementScalar initialization（标量类型初始化）Scope（范围）sizeof operator（sizeof运算符）Statements（陈述）static assert declaration（静态断言声明）Static storage duration（静态存储周期）Storage-class specifiers（存储类说明符）string literals（字符串字面量）Struct and union initialization（结构体与联合体初始化）Struct declaration（结构体声明）switch statementThread storage duration（线程存储时间）TypeType（类型）Typedef declaration（Typedef声明）Undefined behavior（未定义行为）Union declaration（联合体声明）Value categories（值类别）Variadic arguments（变长参数宏）volatile type qualifier（volatile 类型限定符）while loop_Alignof operator_Noreturn function specifierDate and timeasctime（asctime函数）asctime_sclockCLOCKS_PER_SECclock_tctime（ctime函数）ctime_sDate and time utilities（日期和时间库）difftime（计算两个时间的间隔）gmtimegmtime_slocaltimelocaltime_smktime（将时间结构数据转换成经过的秒数的函数）strftime（格式化输出时间函数）timetimespectimespec_gettime_ttmwcsftime（格式化时间宽字符）Dynamic memory managementaligned_allocC memory management library（内存管理库）callocfree（释放动态分配空间的函数）malloc（动态分配内存空间的函数）realloc（重新分配内存空间的函数）Error handlingabort_handler_sassert（断言）constraint_handler_terrno（错误报告）Error handling（错误处理）Error numbers（错误个数）ignore_handler_sset_constraint_handler_sstatic_assertFile input/outputclearerr（清除/复位）fclosefeofferrorfflush（清空文件缓冲区）fgetcfgetposfgetsfgetwcfgetwsFile input/outputfopenfopen_sfprintffprintf_sfputcfputsfputwcfputwsfreadfreopenfreopen_sfscanffscanf_sfseekfsetposftellfwidefwprintffwprintf_sfwritefwscanffwscanf_sgetcgetchargetsgets_sgetwcharperrorprintfprintf_sputcputcharputsputwcputwcharremoverenamerewindscanfscanf_ssetbufsetvbufsnprintfsprintfsscanfsscanf_sswprintfswprintf_sswscanfswscanf_stmpfiletmpfile_stmpnamtmpnam_sungetcungetwcvfprintfvfprintf_svfscanfvfscanf_svfwprintfvfwprintf_svfwscanfvfwscanf_svprintfvprintf_svscanfvscanf_svsnprintfvsprintfvsscanfvsscanf_svswprintfvswprintf_svswscanfvswscanf_svwprintfvwprintf_svwscanfvwscanf_swprintfwprintf_swscanfwscanf_sLocalization supportlconvLC_ALLLC_COLLATELC_CTYPELC_MONETARYLC_NUMERICLC_TIMElocaleconvLocalization supportsetlocaleNumericsabsacosacosfacoshacoshfacoshlacoslasinasinfasinhasinhfasinhlasinlatanatan2atan2fatan2latanfatanhatanhfatanhlatanlcabscabsfcabslcacoscacosfcacoshcacoshfcacoshlcacoslcargcargfcarglcasincasinfcasinhcasinhfcasinhlcasinlcatancatanfcatanhcatanhfcatanhlcatanlcbrtcbrtfcbrtlccosccosfccoshccoshfccoshlccoslceilceilfceillcexpcexpfcexplcimagcimagfcimaglclogclogfcloglCMPLXCMPLXFCMPLXLCommon mathematical functionscomplexComplex number arithmeticconjconjfconjlcopysigncopysignfcopysignlcoscosfcoshcoshfcoshlcoslcpowcpowfcpowlcprojcprojfcprojlcrealcrealfcreallcsincsinfcsinhcsinhfcsinhlcsinlcsqrtcsqrtfcsqrtlctanctanfctanhctanhfctanhlctanldivdouble_terferfcerfcferfclerfferflexpexp2exp2fexp2lexpfexplexpm1expm1fexpm1lfabsfabsffabslfdimfeclearexceptfegetenvfegetexceptflagfegetroundfeholdexceptferaiseexceptfesetenvfesetexceptflagfesetroundfetestexceptfeupdateenvFE_ALL_EXCEPTFE_DFL_ENVFE_DIVBYZEROFE_DOWNWARDFE_INEXACTFE_INVALIDFE_OVERFLOWFE_TONEARESTFE_TOWARDZEROFE_UNDERFLOWFE_UPWARDFloating-point environmentfloat_tfloorfloorffloorlfmafmaffmalfmaxfmaxffmaxlfminfminffminlfmodfmodffmodlfpclassifyFP_INFINITEFP_NANFP_NORMALFP_SUBNORMALFP_ZEROfrexpfrexpffrexplHUGE_VALHUGE_VALFHUGE_VALLhypothypotfhypotlIilogbilogbfilogblimaginaryimaxabsimaxdivINFINITYisfiniteisgreaterisgreaterequalisinfislessislessequalislessgreaterisnanisnormalisunorderedlabsldexpldexpfldexplldivlgammalgammaflgammalllabslldivllrintllrintfllrintlllroundllroundfllroundlloglog10log10flog10llog1plog1pflog1pllog2log2flog2llogblogbflogbllogflogllrintlrintflrintllroundlroundflroundlMATH_ERREXCEPTmath_errhandlingMATH_ERRNOmodfmodffmodflnanNANnanfnanlnearbyintnearbyintfnearbyintlnextafternextafterfnextafterlnexttowardnexttowardfnexttowardlNumericspowpowfpowlPseudo-random number generationrandRAND_MAXremainderremainderfremainderlremquoremquofremquolrintrintfrintlroundroundfroundlscalblnscalblnfscalblnlscalbnscalbnfscalbnlsignbitsinsinfsinhsinhfsinhlsinlsqrtsqrtfsqrtlsrandtantanftanhtanhftanhltanltgammatgammaftgammaltrunctruncftrunclType-generic math_Complex_I_Imaginary_IProgram supportabortatexitat_quick_exitexitEXIT_FAILUREEXIT_SUCCESSgetenvgetenv_sjmp_buflongjmpProgram support utilitiesquick_exitraisesetjmpSIGABRTSIGFPESIGILLSIGINTsignalSIGSEGVSIGTERMsig_atomic_tSIG_DFLSIG_ERRSIG_IGNsystem_ExitStringsatofatoiatolatollbtowcc16rtombc32rtombchar16_tchar32_tisalnumisalphaisblankiscntrlisdigitisgraphislowerisprintispunctisspaceisupperiswalnumiswalphaiswblankiswcntrliswctypeiswdigitiswgraphiswloweriswprintiswpunctiswspaceiswupperiswxdigitisxdigitmblenmbrlenmbrtoc16mbrtoc32mbrtowcmbsinitmbsrtowcsmbsrtowcs_smbstate_tmbstowcsmbstowcs_smbtowcmemchrmemcmpmemcpymemcpy_smemmovememmove_smemsetmemset_sNull-terminated byte stringsNull-terminated multibyte stringsNull-terminated wide stringsstrcatstrcat_sstrchrstrcmpstrcollstrcpystrcpy_sstrcspnstrerrorstrerrorlen_sstrerror_sStrings librarystrlenstrncatThread supportcall_oncecnd_broadcastcnd_destroycnd_initcnd_signalcnd_timedwaitcnd_waitmtx_destroymtx_initmtx_lockmtx_plainmtx_recursivemtx_timedmtx_timedlockmtx_trylockmtx_unlockonce_flagONCE_FLAG_INITthrd_busythrd_createthrd_currentthrd_detachthrd_equalthrd_errorthrd_exitthrd_jointhrd_nomemthrd_sleepthrd_successthrd_timedoutthrd_yieldThread support librarythread_localtss_createtss_deleteTSS_DTOR_ITERATIONStss_gettss_setType supportBoolean type support libraryFixed width integer typesFLT_EVAL_METHODFLT_ROUNDSmax_align_tNULLNumeric limitsoffsetofptrdiff_tsize_tType supportVariadic functionsVariadic functionsva_argva_copyva_endva_listva_start
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在头文件<math.h>中定义 | ||
|---|---|---|
float powf( float base, float exponent ); | (1) | (since C99) |
double pow( double base, double exponent ); | (2) | |
long double powl( long double base, long double exponent ); | (3) | (since C99) |
Defined in header <tgmath.h> | ||
#define pow( base, exponent ) | (4) | (since C99) |
1-3）计算base提高到功率的值exponent。
4）类型 - 通用宏：如果任何参数具有类型long double，powl则被调用。否则，如果任何参数具有整数类型或具有类型double，pow则被调用。否则，powf被调用。如果至少一个参数是复杂的或虚，则宏调用相应的复变函数（cpowf，cpow，cpowl）。
参数
基础 | - | 基础为浮点值 |
|---|---|---|
指数 | - | 指数为浮点值 |
返回值
如果没有错误发生，base提高到exponent（基础组件的力量
）返回。
如果发生域错误，则返回实现定义的值（NaN，如果支持）。
如果极错误或一系列错误，由于发生溢出，±HUGE_VAL，±HUGE_VALF，或±HUGE_VALL返回。
如果由于下溢而发生范围错误，则返回正确的结果（舍入后）。
错误处理
按照math_errhandling中的指定报告错误。
如果base是有限且负数，并且exponent是有限且非整数，则会发生域错误并可能发生范围错误。
如果base为零且exponent为零，则可能会出现域错误。
如果base为零且exponent为负值，则可能会出现域错误或极点错误。
如果实现支持IEEE浮点运算（IEC 60559），
pow(+0, exponent)，其中exponent是一个负的奇数整数，返回+∞并提升FE_DIVBYZEROpow(-0, exponent)，其中exponent是一个负的奇数整数，返回-∞并提升FE_DIVBYZEROpow(±0, exponent)，其中exponent是负数，有限数，是偶数或非整数，返回+∞并上升FE_DIVBYZEROpow(±0, -∞)返回+∞并可能升高FE_DIVBYZEROpow(+0, exponent)，其中exponent是一个正的奇数整数，返回+0pow(-0, exponent)，其中exponent是一个正的奇数整数，返回-0pow(±0, exponent)，其中exponent是正整数或正整数，返回+0pow(-1, ±∞)回报1pow(+1, exponent)1任何回报exponent，即使exponent是NaNpow(base, ±0)1任何回报base，即使base是NaNpow(base, exponent)如果是有限的和负的，并且是有限的和非整数的，则返回NaN并且升高。FE_INVALIDbaseexponentpow(base, -∞)返回+∞的任何|base|<1pow(base, -∞)任何返回+0|base|>1pow(base, +∞)任何返回+0|base|<1pow(base, +∞)返回+∞的任何|base|>1pow(-∞, exponent)如果exponent是负的奇数则返回-0pow(-∞, exponent)如果exponent是非负整数或偶数则返回+0pow(-∞, exponent)返回-∞如果exponent是正的奇数整数pow(-∞, exponent)返回+∞如果exponent是一个正的非整数或甚至整数pow(+∞, exponent)对任何否定返回+0exponentpow(+∞, exponent)对任何积极的结果返回+∞exponent除了上面指定的地方，如果任何参数是NaN，则返回NaN
笔记
虽然pow不能用于获得负数的根，cbrt但是为exponent1/3 的常见情况提供。
例
#include <stdio.h>#include <math.h>#include <errno.h>#include <fenv.h>
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
int main(void){ // typical usage printf("pow(2, 10) = %f\n", pow(2,10)); printf("pow(2, 0.5) = %f\n", pow(2,0.5)); printf("pow(-2, -3) = %f\n", pow(-2,-3)); // special values printf("pow(-1, NAN) = %f\n", pow(-1,NAN)); printf("pow(+1, NAN) = %f\n", pow(+1,NAN)); printf("pow(INFINITY, 2) = %f\n", pow(INFINITY, 2)); printf("pow(INFINITY, -1) = %f\n", pow(INFINITY, -1)); // error handling
errno = 0; feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT); printf("pow(-1, 1/3) = %f\n", pow(-1, 1.0/3)); if(errno == EDOM) perror(" errno == EDOM"); if(fetestexcept(FE_INVALID)) puts(" FE_INVALID raised");
feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT); printf("pow(-0, -3) = %f\n", pow(-0.0, -3)); if(fetestexcept(FE_DIVBYZERO)) puts(" FE_DIVBYZERO raised");}Possible output:
pow(2, 10) = 1024.000000pow(2, 0.5) = 1.414214pow(-2, -3) = -0.125000pow(-1, NAN) = nanpow(+1, NAN) = 1.000000pow(INFINITY, 2) = infpow(INFINITY, -1) = 0.000000pow(-1, 1/3) = -nan errno == EDOM: Numerical argument out of domain FE_INVALID raisedpow(-0, -3) = -inf FE_DIVBYZERO raised
参考
C11标准（ISO / IEC 9899：2011）：
7.12.7.4幂函数（p：248-249）
7.25类型通用数学<tgmath.h>（p：373-375）
F.10.4.4幂函数（p：524-525）
C99标准（ISO / IEC 9899：1999）：
7.12.7.4 pow函数（p：229）
7.22类型通用数学<tgmath.h>（p：335-337）
F.9.4.4幂函数（p：461）
C89 / C90标准（ISO / IEC 9899：1990）：
4.5.5.1 pow函数