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在介绍yield前有必要先说明下Python中的迭代器(iterator)和生成器(constructor)。

一、迭代器(iterator)

在Python中,for循环可以用于Python中的任何类型,包括列表、元祖等等,实际上,for循环可用于任何“可迭代对象”,这其实就是迭代器

迭代器是一个实现了迭代器协议的对象,Python中的迭代器协议就是有next方法的对象会前进到下一结果,而在一系列结果的末尾是,则会引发StopIteration。任何这类的对象在Python中都可以用for循环或其他遍历工具迭代,迭代工具内部会在每次迭代时调用next方法,并且捕捉StopIteration异常来确定何时离开。

使用迭代器一个显而易见的好处就是:每次只从对象中读取一条数据,不会造成内存的过大开销。

比如要逐行读取一个文件的内容,利用readlines()方法,我们可以这么写:

代码如下:


for line in open("test.txt").readlines():
    print line


这样虽然可以工作,但不是最好的方法。因为他实际上是把文件一次加载到内存中,然后逐行打印。当文件很大时,这个方法的内存开销就很大了。

利用file的迭代器,我们可以这样写:

代码如下:


for line in open("test.txt"):   #use file iterators
    print line


这是最简单也是运行速度最快的写法,他并没显式的读取文件,而是利用迭代器每次读取下一行。


二、生成器(constructor)

生成器函数在Python中与迭代器协议的概念联系在一起。简而言之,包含yield语句的函数会被特地编译成生成器。当函数被调用时,他们返回一个生成器对象,这个对象支持迭代器接口。函数也许会有个return语句,但它的作用是用来yield产生值的。

不像一般的函数会生成值后退出,生成器函数在生成值后会自动挂起并暂停他们的执行和状态,他的本地变量将保存状态信息,这些信息在函数恢复时将再度有效

代码如下:


>>> def g(n):
...     for i in range(n):
...             yield i **2
...
>>> for i in g(5):
...     print i,":",
...
0 : 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 :


要了解他的运行原理,我们来用next方法看看:

代码如下:


>>> t = g(5)
>>> t.next()
0
>>> t.next()
1
>>> t.next()
4
>>> t.next()
9
>>> t.next()
16
>>> t.next()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in
StopIteration

在运行完5次next之后,生成器抛出了一个StopIteration异常,迭代终止。
再来看一个yield的例子,用生成器生成一个Fibonacci数列:

代码如下:


def fab(max):
    a,b = 0,1
    while a         yield a
        a, b = b, a+b

>>> for i in fab(20):
...     print i,",",
...
0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 ,


看到这里应该就能理解生成器那个很抽象的概念了吧~~
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