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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中用函数作为返回值和实现闭包的教程

函数作为返回值

高阶函数除了可以接受函数作为参数外,还可以把函数作为结果值返回。

我们来实现一个可变参数的求和。通常情况下,求和的函数是这样定义的:

def calc_sum(*args):
  ax = 0
  for n in args:
    ax = ax + n
  return ax

但是,如果不需要立刻求和,而是在后面的代码中,根据需要再计算怎么办?可以不返回求和的结果,而是返回求和的函数!

def lazy_sum(*args):
  def sum():
    ax = 0
    for n in args:
      ax = ax + n
    return ax
  return sum

当我们调用lazy_sum()时,返回的并不是求和结果,而是求和函数:

>>> f = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
>>> f
<function sum at 0x10452f668>

调用函数f时,才真正计算求和的结果:

>>> f()
25

在这个例子中,我们在函数lazy_sum中又定义了函数sum,并且,内部函数sum可以引用外部函数lazy_sum的参数和局部变量,当lazy_sum返回函数sum时,相关参数和变量都保存在返回的函数中,这种称为“闭包(Closure)”的程序结构拥有极大的威力。

请再注意一点,当我们调用lazy_sum()时,每次调用都会返回一个新的函数,即使传入相同的参数:

>>> f1 = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
>>> f2 = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
>>> f1==f2
False

f1()和f2()的调用结果互不影响。
闭包

注意到返回的函数在其定义内部引用了局部变量args,所以,当一个函数返回了一个函数后,其内部的局部变量还被新函数引用,所以,闭包用起来简单,实现起来可不容易。

另一个需要注意的问题是,返回的函数并没有立刻执行,而是直到调用了f()才执行。我们来看一个例子:

def count():
  fs = []
  for i in range(1, 4):
    def f():
       return i*i
    fs.append(f)
  return fs

f1, f2, f3 = count()

在上面的例子中,每次循环,都创建了一个新的函数,然后,把创建的3个函数都返回了。

你可能认为调用f1(),f2()和f3()结果应该是1,4,9,但实际结果是:

>>> f1()
9
>>> f2()
9
>>> f3()
9

全部都是9!原因就在于返回的函数引用了变量i,但它并非立刻执行。等到3个函数都返回时,它们所引用的变量i已经变成了3,因此最终结果为9。

返回闭包时牢记的一点就是:返回函数不要引用任何循环变量,或者后续会发生变化的变量。

如果一定要引用循环变量怎么办?方法是再创建一个函数,用该函数的参数绑定循环变量当前的值,无论该循环变量后续如何更改,已绑定到函数参数的值不变:

>>> def count():
...   fs = []
...   for i in range(1, 4):
...     def f(j):
...       def g():
...         return j*j
...       return g
...     fs.append(f(i))
...   return fs
... 
>>> f1, f2, f3 = count()
>>> f1()
1
>>> f2()
4
>>> f3()
9

缺点是代码较长,可利用lambda函数缩短代码。

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