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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP浮点数精度问题汇总_PHP

PHP浮点数精度问题汇总_PHP

Jun 01, 2016 am 11:05 AM
phpfloating point numberAccuracy

一、PHP浮点数精度损失问题

先看下面这段代码:

代码如下:


$f = 0.57;
echo intval($f * 100);  //56

结果可能有点出乎你的意外,PHP遵循IEEE 754双精度:

浮点数, 以64位的双精度, 采用1位符号位(E), 11指数位(Q), 52位尾数(M)表示(一共64位).
符号位:最高位表示数据的正负,0表示正数,1表示负数。
指数位:表示数据以2为底的幂,指数采用偏移码表示
尾数:表示数据小数点后的有效数字.

再来看看小数用二进制怎么表示:

乘2取整,顺序排列,即将小数部分乘以2,然后取整数部分,剩下的小数部分继续乘以2,然后取整数部分,剩下的小数部分又乘以2,一直取到小数部分,但是像0.57这样的小数像这样一直乘下去,小数部分不可能为0.有效位的小数用二进制表示却是无穷的。

0.57的二进制表示基本上(52位)是: 0010001111010111000010100011110101110000101000111101

如果只有52位的话,0.57 =》 0.56999999999999995

不难看出上面意外的结果了吧。

二、PHP浮点数的精度问题

先看问题:

代码如下:


$f = 0.58;
var_dump(intval($f * 100)); //为啥输出57

我相信有很多的同学有过这样的疑问。

具体原理可阅读“鸟哥”的一篇文章,那里有详细的解说:PHP浮点数的一个常见问题的解答

那么如何避免这种问题呢?
办法有很多,这里列举两个:
1. sprintf

代码如下:


substr(sprintf("%.10f", ($a/ $b)), 0, -7);


2. round (注意会进行四舍五入)

代码如下:


round($a/$b, 3);


或者你有更好的办法,也可以了留言告诉我。

三、PHP浮点数的一个常见问题的解答

关于PHP的浮点数, 我之前写过一篇文章: 关于PHP浮点数你应该知道的(All ‘bogus' about the float in PHP)

不过, 我当时遗漏了一点, 也就是对于如下的这个常见问题的回答:

代码如下:


    $f = 0.58;
    var_dump(intval($f * 100)); //为啥输出57
?>


为啥输出是57啊? PHP的bug么?

我相信有很多的同学有过这样的疑问, 因为光问我类似问题的人就很多, 更不用说bugs.php.net上经常有人问…

要搞明白这个原因, 首先我们要知道浮点数的表示(IEEE 754):

浮点数, 以64位的长度(双精度)为例, 会采用1位符号位(E), 11指数位(Q), 52位尾数(M)表示(一共64位).

符号位:最高位表示数据的正负,0表示正数,1表示负数。

指数位:表示数据以2为底的幂,指数采用偏移码表示

尾数:表示数据小数点后的有效数字.

这里的关键点就在于, 小数在二进制的表示, 关于小数如何用二进制表示, 大家可以百度一下, 我这里就不再赘述, 我们关键的要了解, 0.58 对于二进制表示来说, 是无限长的值(下面的数字省掉了隐含的1)..

0.58的二进制表示基本上(52位)是: 0010100011110101110000101000111101011100001010001111
0.57的二进制表示基本上(52位)是: 0010001111010111000010100011110101110000101000111101
而两者的二进制, 如果只是通过这52位计算的话,分别是:

代码如下:


0.58 -> 0.57999999999999996
0.57 -> 0.56999999999999995


至于0.58 * 100的具体浮点数乘法, 我们不考虑那么细, 有兴趣的可以看(Floating point), 我们就模糊的以心算来看… 0.58 * 100 = 57.999999999

那你intval一下, 自然就是57了….

可见, 这个问题的关键点就是: “你看似有穷的小数, 在计算机的二进制表示里却是无穷的”

so, 不要再以为这是PHP的bug了, 这就是这样的…..

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