Summary of common methods in NumPy

NumPy is an open source numerical computing extension for Python. This tool can be used to store and process large matrices much more efficiently than Python's own nested list structure (which can also be used to represent matrices). NumPy (Numeric Python) provides many advanced numerical programming tools, such as matrix data types, vector processing, and sophisticated arithmetic libraries. Built for rigorous number crunching. It is mostly used by many large financial companies, as well as core scientific computing organizations such as Lawrence Livermore, and NASA uses it to handle some tasks that were originally done using C++, Fortran or Matlab.

The data type in numpy, ndarray type, is different from array.array in the standard library.

Creation of ndarray

>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([2,3,4])
>>> a
array([2, 3, 4])
>>> a.dtype
dtype('int64')
>>> b = np.array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1])
>>> b.dtype
dtype('float64')

Two-dimensional array

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)])
>>> b
array([[ 1.5,  2. ,  3. ],
       [ 4. ,  5. ,  6. ]])

Specify the type when creating

>>> c = np.array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex )
>>> c
array([[ 1.+0.j,  2.+0.j],
       [ 3.+0.j,  4.+0.j]])

Create some special matrices

>>> np.zeros( (3,4) )
array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]])
>>> np.ones( (2,3,4), dtype=np.int16 )                # dtype can also be specified
array([[[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1]],
       [[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1],
        [ 1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int16)
>>> np.empty( (2,3) )                                 # uninitialized, output may vary
array([[  3.73603959e-262,   6.02658058e-154,   6.55490914e-260],
       [  5.30498948e-313,   3.14673309e-307,   1.00000000e+000]])

Create some matrices with specific rules

>>> np.arange( 10, 30, 5 )
array([10, 15, 20, 25])
>>> np.arange( 0, 2, 0.3 )                 # it accepts float arguments
array([ 0. ,  0.3,  0.6,  0.9,  1.2,  1.5,  1.8])
>>> from numpy import pi
>>> np.linspace( 0, 2, 9 )                 # 9 numbers from 0 to 2
array([ 0.  ,  0.25,  0.5 ,  0.75,  1.  ,  1.25,  1.5 ,  1.75,  2.  ])
>>> x = np.linspace( 0, 2*pi, 100 )        # useful to evaluate function at lots of points
>>> f = np.sin(x)

Some basic operations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division trigonometric functions logical operations

>>> a = np.array( [20,30,40,50] )
>>> b = np.arange( 4 )
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> c = a-b
>>> c
array([20, 29, 38, 47])
>>> b**2
array([0, 1, 4, 9])
>>> 10*np.sin(a)
array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624,  7.4511316 , -2.62374854])
>>> a<35
array([ True, True, False, False], dtype=bool)

Matrix operations

There are in matlab. *,./etc.

But in numpy, if you use +,-,×,/, the priority is to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division between each point

If two matrices ( Square matrix) can perform operations between elements and perform matrix operations. Operations between elements will be performed first.

>>> import numpy as np
>>> A = np.arange(10,20)
>>> B = np.arange(20,30)
>>> A + B
array([30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48])
>>> A * B
array([200, 231, 264, 299, 336, 375, 416, 459, 504, 551])
>>> A / B
array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
>>> B / A
array([2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

If matrix operations need to be performed, it is usually matrix multiplication

>>> A = np.array([1,1,1,1])
>>> B = np.array([2,2,2,2])
>>> A.reshape(2,2)
array([[1, 1],
       [1, 1]])
>>> B.reshape(2,2)
array([[2, 2],
       [2, 2]])
>>> A * B
array([2, 2, 2, 2])
>>> np.dot(A,B)
8
>>> A.dot(B)
8

Some commonly used global functions

>>> B = np.arange(3)
>>> B
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.exp(B)
array([ 1.        ,  2.71828183,  7.3890561 ])
>>> np.sqrt(B)
array([ 0.        ,  1.        ,  1.41421356])
>>> C = np.array([2., -1., 4.])
>>> np.add(B, C)
array([ 2.,  0.,  6.])

Matrix index slice traversal

>>> a = np.arange(10)**3
>>> a
array([  0,   1,   8,  27,  64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729])
>>> a[2]
8
>>> a[2:5]
array([ 8, 27, 64])
>>> a[:6:2] = -1000    # equivalent to a[0:6:2] = -1000; from start to position 6, exclusive, set every 2nd element to -1000
>>> a
array([-1000,     1, -1000,    27, -1000,   125,   216,   343,   512,   729])
>>> a[ : :-1]                                 # reversed a
array([  729,   512,   343,   216,   125, -1000,    27, -1000,     1, -1000])
>>> for i in a:
...     print(i**(1/3.))
...
nan
1.0
nan
3.0
nan
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

Matrix traversal

>>> import numpy as np
>>> b = np.arange(16).reshape(4, 4)
>>> for row in b:
...  print(row)
... 
[0 1 2 3]
[4 5 6 7]
[ 8  9 10 11]
[12 13 14 15]
>>> for node in b.flat:
...  print(node)
... 
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Special operations of the matrix

Change the matrix shape- -reshape

>>> a = np.floor(10 * np.random.random((3,4)))
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.ravel()
array([ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.,  8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.])
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])

The difference between resize and reshape

resize will change the original matrix, reshape will not

>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.reshape(2,-1)
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.],
       [ 8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  8.,  9.],
       [ 5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])
>>> a.resize(2,6)
>>> a
array([[ 6.,  5.,  1.,  5.,  5.,  5.],
       [ 8.,  9.,  5.,  5.,  9.,  7.]])

merge the matrices

>>> a = np.floor(10*np.random.random((2,2)))
>>> a
array([[ 8.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.]])
>>> b = np.floor(10*np.random.random((2,2)))
>>> b
array([[ 1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  4.]])
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
array([[ 8.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.],
       [ 1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  4.]])
>>> np.hstack((a,b))
array([[ 8.,  8.,  1.,  8.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  4.]])

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