昨天, 有同事在PHP讨论群里提到, 他做的一个项目由于MySQL查询返回的结果太多(达10万条), 从而导致PHP内存不够用. 所以, 他问, 在执行下面的代码遍历返回的MySQL结果之前, 数据是否已经在内存中了? -
while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
// ...
}
当然, 这种问题有许多优化的方法. 不过, 就这个问题来讲, 我首先想到, MySQL是经典的C/S(Client/Server, 客户端/服务器)模型, 在遍历结果集之前, 底层的实现可能已经把所有的数据通过网络(假设使用TCP/IP)读到了Client的缓冲区, 也有另一种可能, 就是数据还在Server端的发送缓冲区里, 并没有传给Client.
在查看PHP和MySQL的源码之前, 我注意到PHP手册里有两个功能相近的函数:
mysql_query()
mysql_unbuffered_query()
两个函数的字面意思和说明证实了我的想法, 前一个函数执行时, 会把所有的结果集从Server端读到Client端的缓冲区中, 而后一个则没有, 这就是”unbuffered(未缓冲)”的意思.
那就是说, 如果用mysql_unbuffered_query()执行了一条返回大量结果集的SQL语句, 在遍历结果之前, PHP的内存是没有被结果集占用的. 而用mysql_query()来执行同样的语句的话, 函数返回时, PHP的内存占用便会急剧增加, 立即耗光内存.
如果阅读PHP的相关代码, 可以看到这两个函数的实现上的异同:
/* {{{ proto resource mysql_query(string query [, int link_identifier])
Sends an SQL query to MySQL */
PHP_FUNCTION(mysql_query)
{
php_mysql_do_query(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, MYSQL_STORE_RESULT);
}
/* }}} */
/* {{{ proto resource mysql_unbuffered_query(string query [, int link_identifier])
Sends an SQL query to MySQL, without fetching and buffering the result rows */
PHP_FUNCTION(mysql_unbuffered_query)
{
php_mysql_do_query(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, MYSQL_USE_RESULT);
}
/* }}} */
两个函数都调用了php_mysql_do_query(), 只差了第2个参数的不同, MYSQL_STORE_RESULT和MYSQL_USE_RESULT. 再看php_mysql_do_query()的实现:
if(use_store == MYSQL_USE_RESULT) {
mysql_result=mysql_use_result(&mysql->conn);
} else {
mysql_result=mysql_store_result(&mysql->conn);
}
mysql_use_result()和mysql_store_result()是MySQL的C API函数, 这两个C API函数的区别就是后者把结果集从MySQL Server端全部读取到了Client端, 前者只是读取了结果集的元信息.
回到PHP, 使用mysql_unbuffered_query(), 可以避免内存的立即占用. 如果在遍历的过程不对结果进行”PHP缓存”(如放到某数组中), 则整个执行过程虽然操作了十万条或者百万条或者更多的数据, 但PHP占用的内存始终是非常小的.

Setting session cookie parameters in PHP can be achieved through the session_set_cookie_params() function. 1) Use this function to set parameters, such as expiration time, path, domain name, security flag, etc.; 2) Call session_start() to make the parameters take effect; 3) Dynamically adjust parameters according to needs, such as user login status; 4) Pay attention to setting secure and httponly flags to improve security.

The main purpose of using sessions in PHP is to maintain the status of the user between different pages. 1) The session is started through the session_start() function, creating a unique session ID and storing it in the user cookie. 2) Session data is saved on the server, allowing data to be passed between different requests, such as login status and shopping cart content.

How to share a session between subdomains? Implemented by setting session cookies for common domain names. 1. Set the domain of the session cookie to .example.com on the server side. 2. Choose the appropriate session storage method, such as memory, database or distributed cache. 3. Pass the session ID through cookies, and the server retrieves and updates the session data based on the ID.

HTTPS significantly improves the security of sessions by encrypting data transmission, preventing man-in-the-middle attacks and providing authentication. 1) Encrypted data transmission: HTTPS uses SSL/TLS protocol to encrypt data to ensure that the data is not stolen or tampered during transmission. 2) Prevent man-in-the-middle attacks: Through the SSL/TLS handshake process, the client verifies the server certificate to ensure the connection legitimacy. 3) Provide authentication: HTTPS ensures that the connection is a legitimate server and protects data integrity and confidentiality.

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.


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