Code for user authentication using crypt() in PHP_PHP tutorial
了解crypt()
只要有一点使用非Windows平台经验的读者都可能对crypt()相当熟悉,这一函数完成被称作单向加密的功能,它可以加密一些明码,但不能反过来将密码重新转换为原来的明码。crypt()函数定义如下。
string crypt (string input_string [, string salt])
其中,input_string参数是需要加密的明文字符串,第二个可选的salt是一个位字串,能够影响加密的暗码,进一步排除被破解的可能性。缺省情况下,PHP使用一个2个字符的DES干扰串,如果系统使用的是MD5(参考下一节内容),PHP则会使用一个12个字符的干扰串。可以通过执行下面的命令发现系统将要使用的干扰串的长度。
print "My system salt size is: ". CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH;
crypt()支持4种加密算法,表19.1显示了其支持的算法和相应的salt参数的长度。
表crypt()支持四种加密算法
算法 | Salt长度 |
CRYPT_STD_DES | 2-character (Default) |
CRYPT_EXT_DES | 9-character |
CRYPT_MD5 | 12-character beginning with $1$ |
CRYPT_BLOWFISH | 16-character beginning with $2$ |
On the surface, the crypt() function seems to be of little use, but this function is indeed widely used to ensure the integrity of system passwords. Because even if the one-way encrypted password falls into the hands of a third party, it will not be of much use since it cannot be restored to plain text.
Use crypt() to implement user authentication
The previous part briefly introduced the functions of the crypt() function. Next, we will use it to implement user authentication. The goals it wants to achieve are the same as those introduced in Section 19.2.3 .
$user_name=$_POST["user_name"];
require_once("sys_conf.inc"); / /System configuration file, including database configuration information
//Connect to the database
$link_id=mysql_connect($DBHOST,$DBUSER,$DBPWD);
mysql_select_db($DBNAME); //Select database my_chat
//Query whether there is login user information
$str="select name,password from user where name ='$user_name'";
$result=mysql_query($str,$link_id); //Execute query
@$rows=mysql_num_rows($result); //Number of records to obtain query results
$user_name=$_SESSION["user_name"];
$password=$_POST["password"];
$salt = substr($password, 0, 2);
$password_en=crypt($password,$salt); //Use crypt() to encrypt user passwords
//For old users
if($rows!=0)
{
list($name,$pwd)=mysql_fetch_row($result);
//If the password is entered correctly
if($pwd= =$password_en)
{
$str="update user set is_online =1 where name ='$user_name' and password='$password_en'";
$result=mysql_query($str, $link_id );//Execute query
require("main.php"); //Go to the chat page
}
//Password input error
else
{
require(" relogin.php");
}
}
//For new users, write their information into the database
else
{
$str="insert into user (name, password,is_online) values('$user_ name','$password_en',1)";
$result=mysql_query($str, $link_id); //Execute query
require("main.php" ); //Go to chat page
}
//Close database
mysql_close($link_id);
?>
Example and previous one The use of the XOR encryption algorithm to protect user information introduced in the section is very similar. The core part is to use the crypt() function to obtain the encrypted password on lines 16 and 17, and compare the password in the database with the encrypted password on line 25. Passwords are equal to check whether the user is legitimate.
Next, let’s take an example to see what the encrypted password will look like.
For example, if the user name is rock and the password is 123456, the encrypted password is:
12tir.zIbWQ3c
A simple user authentication system is implemented above. . When using crypt() to protect important confidential information, it should be noted that using crypt() in the default state is not the most secure and can only be used in systems with lower security requirements.

Reasons for PHPSession failure include configuration errors, cookie issues, and session expiration. 1. Configuration error: Check and set the correct session.save_path. 2.Cookie problem: Make sure the cookie is set correctly. 3.Session expires: Adjust session.gc_maxlifetime value to extend session time.

Methods to debug session problems in PHP include: 1. Check whether the session is started correctly; 2. Verify the delivery of the session ID; 3. Check the storage and reading of session data; 4. Check the server configuration. By outputting session ID and data, viewing session file content, etc., you can effectively diagnose and solve session-related problems.

Multiple calls to session_start() will result in warning messages and possible data overwrites. 1) PHP will issue a warning, prompting that the session has been started. 2) It may cause unexpected overwriting of session data. 3) Use session_status() to check the session status to avoid repeated calls.

Configuring the session lifecycle in PHP can be achieved by setting session.gc_maxlifetime and session.cookie_lifetime. 1) session.gc_maxlifetime controls the survival time of server-side session data, 2) session.cookie_lifetime controls the life cycle of client cookies. When set to 0, the cookie expires when the browser is closed.

The main advantages of using database storage sessions include persistence, scalability, and security. 1. Persistence: Even if the server restarts, the session data can remain unchanged. 2. Scalability: Applicable to distributed systems, ensuring that session data is synchronized between multiple servers. 3. Security: The database provides encrypted storage to protect sensitive information.

Implementing custom session processing in PHP can be done by implementing the SessionHandlerInterface interface. The specific steps include: 1) Creating a class that implements SessionHandlerInterface, such as CustomSessionHandler; 2) Rewriting methods in the interface (such as open, close, read, write, destroy, gc) to define the life cycle and storage method of session data; 3) Register a custom session processor in a PHP script and start the session. This allows data to be stored in media such as MySQL and Redis to improve performance, security and scalability.

SessionID is a mechanism used in web applications to track user session status. 1. It is a randomly generated string used to maintain user's identity information during multiple interactions between the user and the server. 2. The server generates and sends it to the client through cookies or URL parameters to help identify and associate these requests in multiple requests of the user. 3. Generation usually uses random algorithms to ensure uniqueness and unpredictability. 4. In actual development, in-memory databases such as Redis can be used to store session data to improve performance and security.

Managing sessions in stateless environments such as APIs can be achieved by using JWT or cookies. 1. JWT is suitable for statelessness and scalability, but it is large in size when it comes to big data. 2.Cookies are more traditional and easy to implement, but they need to be configured with caution to ensure security.


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