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HomeWeb Front-endHTML Tutorial第 10 章 表单元素[中]_html/css_WEB-ITnose

学习要点: 

1.type 属性总汇

 2.type 属性解析

 

主讲教师:李炎恢

 

本章主要探讨 HTML5 中表单中 input 元素的 type 属性,根据不同的值来显示不同的输入框。

 

一.type 属性总汇

input 元素可以用来生成一个供用户输入数据的简单文本框。在默认的情况下,什么样的数据均可以输入。而通过不同的属性值,可以限制输入的内容。

属性名称

说明

text

一个单行文本框,默认行为

password

隐藏字符的密码框

search

搜索框,在某些浏览器键入内容会出现叉标记取消

submit、reset、button

生成一个提交按钮、重置按钮、普通按钮

number、range

只能输入数值的框;只能输入在一个数值范围的框

checkbox、radio

复选框,用户勾选框;单选框,只能在几个中选一个

image、color

生成一个图片按钮,颜色代码按钮

email、tel、url

生成一个检测电子邮件、号码、网址的文本框

date、month、time、week、datetime、datetime-local

获取日期和时间

hidden

生成一个隐藏控件

file

生成一个上传控件

 

 二.input 元素解析

1.type  text 值时

<input type="text">

解释:当 type 值为 text 时,呈现的就是一个可以输入任意字符的文本框,这也是默认行为。并且,还提供了一些额外的属性。

属性名称

 说明

list

指定为文本框提供建议值的 datalist 元素,其值为datalist 元素的 id 值

maxlength

设置文本框最大字符长度

pattern

用于输入验证的正则表达式

placeholder

输入字符的提示

readonly

文本框处于只读状态

disabled

文本框处于禁用状态

size

设置文本框宽度

value

设置文本框初始值

required

表明用户必须输入一个值,否则无法通过输入验证

 

//设置文本框长度

<input type="text" size="50">

 

//设置文本框输入字符长度

<input type="text" maxlength="10">

 

//设置文本框的初始值

<input type="text" value="初始值">

 

//设置文本框输入提示

<input type="text" placeholder="请输入内容">

 

//设置文本提供的建议值

<input list="footlist"><datalist id="footlist">    <option value="苹果">苹果</option>    <option value="桔子">桔子</option>    <option value="香蕉" label="香蕉">    <option value="梨子"></datalist>

 

//设置文本框内容为只读,可以提交数据

<input type="text" readonly>

 

//设置文本框内容不可用,不可以提交数据

<input type="text" disabled>

 

2.type  password 值时

<input type="password">

解释:当 type 值为 password 时,一般用于密码框的输入,所有的字符都会显示星号。密码框也有一些额外属性。

属性名称

说明

maxlength

设置密码框最大字符长度

pattern

用于输入验证的正则表达式

placeholder

输入密码的提示

readonly

密码框处于只读状态

disabled

文本框处于禁用状态

size

设置密码框宽度

value

设置密码框初始值

required

表明用户必须输入同一个值

 

这里除了正则和验证需要放在下一节,其余和文本框一致。

 

3.type  search

<input type="search">

解释:和文本框一致,在除 Firefox 浏览器的其他现代浏览器,会显示一个叉来取消搜索内容。额外属性也和 text 一致。

 

4.type  numberrange

<input type="number"><input type="range">

解释:只限输入数字的文本框,不同浏览器可能显示方式不同。生成一个数值范围文本框,只是样式是拖动式。额外属性如下:

属性名称

说明

list

指定为文本框提供建议值的 datalist 元素,其值为datalist 元素的 id 值

min

设置可接受的最小值

max

设定可接受的最大值

readonly

设置文本框内容只读

required

表明用户必须输入一个值,否则无法通过输入验证

step

指定上下调节值的步长

value

指定初始值

 

//范围和步长

<input type="number" step="2" min="10" max="100">

 

5.type  date 系列时

<input type="date"><input type="month"><input type="time"><input type="week"><input type="datetime"><input type="datetime-local">

解释:实现文本框可以获取日期和时间的值,但支持的浏览器不完整。我们测试 Chrome 和 Opera 支持,其他浏览器尚未支持。所以,在获取日期和时间,目前还是推荐使用 jQuery 等前端库来实现日历功能。额外属性和 number 一致。

 

6.type  color

<input type="color">

解释:实现文本框获取颜色的功能,最新的现代浏览器测试后 IE 不支持,其余的都能显示一个颜色对话框提供选择。

 

7.type  checkboxradio

音乐<input type="checkbox">体育<input type="checkbox"><input type="radio" name="sex" value="男">男<input type="radio" name="sex" value="女">女

 

解释:生成一个获取布尔值的复选框或固定选项的单选框。额外属性如下:

属性名称

说明

checked

设置复选框、单选框是否为勾选状态

required

表示用户必须勾选,否则无法通过验证

value

设置复选框、单选框勾选状态时提交的数据。默认为 on

 

//默认勾选,默认值为 1

<input type="checkbox" name="music" checked value="1">

 

8.type  submitreset  button

<input type="submit">

解释:生成一个按钮,三种模式:提交、重置和一般按钮,和

值名称

说明

submit 

生成一个提交按钮

reset

 

生成一个重置按钮

button

 

生成一个普通按钮

 

如果是 submit 时,还提供了和

 

9.type  image

<input type="image" src="img.png">

解释:生成一个图片按钮,点击图片就实现提交功能,并且传送了分区响应数据。图片按钮也提供了一些额外属性。

属性名称

说明

src

指定要显示图像的 URL

alt

提供图片的文字说明

width

图像的长度

height

图像的高度

提交额外属性

formaction、formenctype、formmethod、formtarget和 formnovalidate。

 

10.type  emailtelurl

<input type="email"><input type="tel"><input type="url"> 

解释:email 为电子邮件格式、tel 为电话格式、url 为网址格式。额外属性和 text 一致。但对于这几种类型,浏览器支持是不同的。email 支持比较好,现在浏览器都支持格式验证;tel 基本不支持;url 支持一般,部分浏览器只要检测到 http://就能通过。

 

11.type  hidden

<input type="hidden">

解释:生成一个隐藏控件,一般用于表单提交时关联主键 ID 提交,而这个数据作为隐藏存在。

 

12.type  file

<input type="file">

解释:生成一个文件上传控件,用于文件的上传。额外提供了一些属性:

属性名称

说明

accept

指定接受的 MIME 类型

required

表明用户必须提供一个值,否则无法通过验证

 

accept="image/gif, image/jpeg, image/png"

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