× 目录 [1]px [2]in [3]cm [4]mm [5]q [6]pt [7]pc [8]em [9]rem [10]ex [11]ch [12]vh [13]vw [14]vmin [15]vmax
前面的话
本文分为绝对长度单位和相对长度单位来介绍CSS中的长度单位的主要知识
绝对长度单位
绝对长度单位代表一个物理测量
像素px(pixels)
在web上,像素px是典型的度量单位,很多其他长度单位直接映射成像素。最终,他们被按照像素处理
英寸in(inches)
1in = 2.54cm = 96px
厘米cm(centimeters)
1cm = 10mm = 96px/2.54 = 37.8px
毫米mm(millimeters)
1mm = 0.1cm = 3.78px
1/4毫米q(quarter-millimeters)
1q = 1/4mm = 0.945px
点pt(points)
1pt = 1/72in = =0.0139in = 1/72*2.54cm = 1/72*96px = 1.33px
派卡pc(picas)
1pc = 12pt = 1/6in = 1/6*96px = 16px
字体相关相对长度单位
em、ex、ch、rem是字体相关的相对长度单位
em
em表示元素的font-size属性的计算值,如果用于font-size属性本身,相对于父元素的font-size;若用于其他属性,相对于本身元素的font-size
<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{ /* 相对于父元素,所以2*2px=40px */ font-size: 2em; /* 相对于本身元素,所以5*40px=200px */ height: 5em; /* 10*40px=400px */ width: 10em; background-color: lightblue;}</style>
<div class="box"> <div class="in">测试文字</div> </div>
rem
rem是相对于根元素html的font-size属性的计算值
兼容性: IE8-不支持
<style>/* 浏览器默认字体大小为16px,则2*16=32px,所以根元素字体大小为32px */html{font-size: 2rem;}/* 2*32=64px */.box{font-size: 2rem;}.in{ /* 1*32=32px */ font-size: 1rem; /* 1*32=32px */ border-left: 1rem solid black; /* 4*32=128px */ height: 4rem; /* 6*32=192px */ width: 6rem; background-color: lightblue;}</style>
<div class="box"> <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div> </div>
ex
ex是指所用字体中小写x的高度。但不同字体x的高度可能不同。实际上,很多浏览器取em值一半作为ex值
[注意]ex在实际中常用于微调
<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{ font-size: 1ex; border-left: 1ex solid black; height: 10ex; width: 20ex; background-color: lightblue;}</style>
<div class="box"> <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div> </div>
<script>var aBtns = document.getElementsByTagName('button');for(var i = 0; i < aBtns.length; i++ ){ aBtns[i].onclick = function(){ test.style.fontFamily = this.innerHTML; }} </script>
ch
ch与ex类似,被定义为数字0的宽度。当无法确定数字0宽度时,取em值的一半作为ch值
兼容性: IE8-不支持
[注意]ch在实际中主要用于盲文排版
<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{ font-size: 1ch; border-left: 1ch solid black; height: 10ch; width: 20ch; background-color: lightblue;}</style>
<div class="box"> <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div> </div>
<script>var aBtns = document.getElementsByTagName('button');for(var i = 0; i < aBtns.length; i++ ){ aBtns[i].onclick = function(){ test.style.fontFamily = this.innerHTML; }} </script>
视口相关相对长度单位
视口相关的长度值相对于初始包含块的大小。当初始包含块的宽高变化时,他们都会相应地缩放。然而,当根元素的overflow值为auto时,任何滚动条会假定不存在。
关于视口相关的单位有vh、vw、vmin、vmax4个单位
兼容性:IE8-不支持,IOS7.1-不支持,android4.3-不支持(对于vmax,所有IE浏览器都不支持)
[注意]黑莓错误的将其相对于视觉视口来计算;而safari奇怪地相对于html元素来计算,如果html中增加了内容,这两个单位也会发生变化
vh
布局视口高度的 1/100
vw
布局视口宽度的 1/100
<style>body{margin: 0;}.box{ /* 实现与屏幕等高的效果 */ height: 100vh; background-color: lightblue;} </style>
<div class="box"></div>
vmin
布局视口高度和宽度之间的最小值的 1/100
/*类似于contain效果*/.box{ height: 100vmin; width: 100vmin;}
vmax
布局视口高度和宽度之间的最大值的 1/100
/*类似于cover效果*/.box{ height: 100vmax; width: 100vmax;}

HTML, CSS and JavaScript are the core technologies for building modern web pages: 1. HTML defines the web page structure, 2. CSS is responsible for the appearance of the web page, 3. JavaScript provides web page dynamics and interactivity, and they work together to create a website with a good user experience.

The function of HTML is to define the structure and content of a web page, and its purpose is to provide a standardized way to display information. 1) HTML organizes various parts of the web page through tags and attributes, such as titles and paragraphs. 2) It supports the separation of content and performance and improves maintenance efficiency. 3) HTML is extensible, allowing custom tags to enhance SEO.

The future trends of HTML are semantics and web components, the future trends of CSS are CSS-in-JS and CSSHoudini, and the future trends of JavaScript are WebAssembly and Serverless. 1. HTML semantics improve accessibility and SEO effects, and Web components improve development efficiency, but attention should be paid to browser compatibility. 2. CSS-in-JS enhances style management flexibility but may increase file size. CSSHoudini allows direct operation of CSS rendering. 3.WebAssembly optimizes browser application performance but has a steep learning curve, and Serverless simplifies development but requires optimization of cold start problems.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: 1. HTML defines the web page structure, 2. CSS controls the web page style, and 3. JavaScript adds dynamic behavior. Together, they build the framework, aesthetics and interactivity of modern websites.

The future of HTML is full of infinite possibilities. 1) New features and standards will include more semantic tags and the popularity of WebComponents. 2) The web design trend will continue to develop towards responsive and accessible design. 3) Performance optimization will improve the user experience through responsive image loading and lazy loading technologies.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: HTML is responsible for content structure, CSS is responsible for style, and JavaScript is responsible for dynamic behavior. 1. HTML defines the web page structure and content through tags to ensure semantics. 2. CSS controls the web page style through selectors and attributes to make it beautiful and easy to read. 3. JavaScript controls web page behavior through scripts to achieve dynamic and interactive functions.

HTMLisnotaprogramminglanguage;itisamarkuplanguage.1)HTMLstructuresandformatswebcontentusingtags.2)ItworkswithCSSforstylingandJavaScriptforinteractivity,enhancingwebdevelopment.

HTML is the cornerstone of building web page structure. 1. HTML defines the content structure and semantics, and uses, etc. tags. 2. Provide semantic markers, such as, etc., to improve SEO effect. 3. To realize user interaction through tags, pay attention to form verification. 4. Use advanced elements such as, combined with JavaScript to achieve dynamic effects. 5. Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values, and verification tools are required. 6. Optimization strategies include reducing HTTP requests, compressing HTML, using semantic tags, etc.


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