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HomeWeb Front-endHTML Tutorial深入理解CSS中的长度单位_html/css_WEB-ITnose

× 目录 [1]px [2]in [3]cm [4]mm [5]q [6]pt [7]pc [8]em [9]rem [10]ex [11]ch [12]vh [13]vw [14]vmin [15]vmax

前面的话

  本文分为绝对长度单位和相对长度单位来介绍CSS中的长度单位的主要知识

 

绝对长度单位

  绝对长度单位代表一个物理测量

 

像素px(pixels)

  在web上,像素px是典型的度量单位,很多其他长度单位直接映射成像素。最终,他们被按照像素处理

 

英寸in(inches)

  1in = 2.54cm = 96px  

 

厘米cm(centimeters)

  1cm = 10mm = 96px/2.54 = 37.8px

 

毫米mm(millimeters)

  1mm = 0.1cm = 3.78px

 

1/4毫米q(quarter-millimeters)

  1q = 1/4mm = 0.945px

 

点pt(points)

  1pt = 1/72in = =0.0139in = 1/72*2.54cm = 1/72*96px = 1.33px

 

派卡pc(picas)

  1pc = 12pt = 1/6in = 1/6*96px = 16px

 

字体相关相对长度单位

  em、ex、ch、rem是字体相关的相对长度单位

 

em

  em表示元素的font-size属性的计算值,如果用于font-size属性本身,相对于父元素的font-size;若用于其他属性,相对于本身元素的font-size

<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{    /* 相对于父元素,所以2*2px=40px */    font-size: 2em;    /* 相对于本身元素,所以5*40px=200px */    height: 5em;    /* 10*40px=400px */    width: 10em;    background-color: lightblue;}</style>

<div class="box">    <div class="in">测试文字</div>    </div>

rem

  rem是相对于根元素html的font-size属性的计算值

  兼容性: IE8-不支持

<style>/* 浏览器默认字体大小为16px,则2*16=32px,所以根元素字体大小为32px */html{font-size: 2rem;}/* 2*32=64px */.box{font-size: 2rem;}.in{    /* 1*32=32px */    font-size: 1rem;    /* 1*32=32px */    border-left: 1rem solid black;    /* 4*32=128px */    height: 4rem;    /* 6*32=192px */    width: 6rem;    background-color: lightblue;}</style>

<div class="box">    <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div>    </div>

ex

  ex是指所用字体中小写x的高度。但不同字体x的高度可能不同。实际上,很多浏览器取em值一半作为ex值

  [注意]ex在实际中常用于微调

<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{    font-size: 1ex;    border-left: 1ex solid black;    height: 10ex;    width: 20ex;    background-color: lightblue;}</style>

<div class="box">    <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div>    </div>

<script>var aBtns = document.getElementsByTagName('button');for(var i = 0; i < aBtns.length; i++ ){    aBtns[i].onclick = function(){        test.style.fontFamily = this.innerHTML;    }}    </script>

ch

  ch与ex类似,被定义为数字0的宽度。当无法确定数字0宽度时,取em值的一半作为ch值

  兼容性: IE8-不支持

  [注意]ch在实际中主要用于盲文排版

<style>.box{font-size: 20px;}.in{    font-size: 1ch;    border-left: 1ch solid black;    height: 10ch;    width: 20ch;    background-color: lightblue;}</style>

<div class="box">    <div class="in" id="test">测试文字</div>    </div>

<script>var aBtns = document.getElementsByTagName('button');for(var i = 0; i < aBtns.length; i++ ){    aBtns[i].onclick = function(){        test.style.fontFamily = this.innerHTML;    }}    </script>

 

视口相关相对长度单位

  视口相关的长度值相对于初始包含块的大小。当初始包含块的宽高变化时,他们都会相应地缩放。然而,当根元素的overflow值为auto时,任何滚动条会假定不存在。

  关于视口相关的单位有vh、vw、vmin、vmax4个单位

  兼容性:IE8-不支持,IOS7.1-不支持,android4.3-不支持(对于vmax,所有IE浏览器都不支持)

  [注意]黑莓错误的将其相对于视觉视口来计算;而safari奇怪地相对于html元素来计算,如果html中增加了内容,这两个单位也会发生变化

vh

  布局视口高度的 1/100

vw

  布局视口宽度的 1/100

<style>body{margin: 0;}.box{    /* 实现与屏幕等高的效果 */    height: 100vh;    background-color: lightblue;}    </style>

<div class="box"></div>

vmin

  布局视口高度和宽度之间的最小值的 1/100

/*类似于contain效果*/.box{    height: 100vmin;    width: 100vmin;}

vmax

  布局视口高度和宽度之间的最大值的 1/100

/*类似于cover效果*/.box{    height: 100vmax;    width: 100vmax;}    

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