本文以实例讲解了Python调用C/C++ DLL动态链接库的方法,具体示例如下:
示例一:
首先,在创建一个DLL工程(本例创建环境为VS 2005),头文件:
//hello.h #ifdef EXPORT_HELLO_DLL #define HELLO_API __declspec(dllexport) #else #define HELLO_API __declspec(dllimport) #endif extern "C" { HELLO_API int IntAdd(int , int); }
CPP文件:
//hello.cpp #define EXPORT_HELLO_DLL #include "hello.h" HELLO_API int IntAdd(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
这里有两个注意点:
(1)弄清楚编译的时候函数的调用约定采用的__cdecl还是__stdcall,因为根据DLL中函数调用约定方式,Python将使用相应的函数加载DLL。
(2)如果采用C++的工程,那么导出的接口需要extern "C",这样python中才能识别导出的函数。
我的工程中采用__cdecl函数调用约定方式进行编译链接产生hello.dll,然后Python中采用ctypes库对hello.dll进行加载和函数调用:
from ctypes import * dll = cdll.LoadLibrary('hello.dll'); ret = dll.IntAdd(2, 4); print ret;
至此,第一个小例子已经完成了,读者可以自己动手尝试一下运行效果。
示例二:
示例一只是一个"hello world"级别的程序,实际运用中更多的需要传递数据结构、字符串等,才能满足我们的需求。那么本示例将展示,如何传递数据结构参数,以及如何通过数据结构获取返回值。
首先编写DLL工程中的头文件:
//hello.h #ifdef EXPORT_HELLO_DLL #define HELLO_API __declspec(dllexport) #else #define HELLO_API __declspec(dllimport) #endif #define ARRAY_NUMBER 20 #define STR_LEN 20 struct StructTest { int number; char* pChar; char str[STR_LEN]; int iArray[ARRAY_NUMBER]; }; extern "C" { //HELLO_API int IntAdd(int , int); HELLO_API char* GetStructInfo(struct StructTest* pStruct); }
CPP文件如下:
//hello.cpp #include <string.h> #define EXPORT_HELLO_DLL #include "hello.h" HELLO_API char* GetStructInfo(struct StructTest* pStruct) { for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_NUMBER; i++) pStruct->iArray[i] = i; pStruct->pChar = "hello python!"; strcpy (pStruct->str, "hello world!"); pStruct->number = 100; return "just OK"; }
GetStructInfo这个函数通过传递一个StructTest类型的指针,然后对对象中的属性进行赋值,最后返回"just OK".
编写Python调用代码如下,首先在Python中继承Structure构造一个和C DLL中一致的数据结构StructTest,然后设置函数GetStructInfo的参数类型和返回值类型,最后创建一个StructTest对象,并将其转化为指针作为参数,调用函数GetStrcutInfo,最后通过输出数据结构的值来检查是否调用成功:
from ctypes import * ARRAY_NUMBER = 20; STR_LEN = 20; #define type INTARRAY20 = c_int * ARRAY_NUMBER; CHARARRAY20 = c_char * STR_LEN; #define struct class StructTest(Structure): _fields_ = [ ("number", c_int), ("pChar", c_char_p), ("str", CHARARRAY20), ("iArray", INTARRAY20) ] #load dll and get the function object dll = cdll.LoadLibrary('hello.dll'); GetStructInfo = dll.GetStructInfo; #set the return type GetStructInfo.restype = c_char_p; #set the argtypes GetStructInfo.argtypes = [POINTER(StructTest)]; objectStruct = StructTest(); #invoke api GetStructInfo retStr = GetStructInfo(byref(objectStruct)); #check result print "number: ", objectStruct.number; print "pChar: ", objectStruct.pChar; print "str: ", objectStruct.str; for i,val in enumerate(objectStruct.iArray): print 'Array[i]: ', val; print retStr;
总结:
1. 用64位的Python去加载32位的DLL会出错
2. 以上只是些测试程序,在编写Python过程中尽可能的使用"try Except"来处理异常
3. 注意在Python与C DLL交互的时候字节对齐问题
4. ctypes库的功能还有待继续探索

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