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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython调用C/C++动态链接库的方法详解

本文以实例讲解了Python调用C/C++ DLL动态链接库的方法,具体示例如下:

示例一:

首先,在创建一个DLL工程(本例创建环境为VS 2005),头文件:

//hello.h
#ifdef EXPORT_HELLO_DLL
#define HELLO_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define HELLO_API __declspec(dllimport)
#endif
extern "C"
{
 HELLO_API int IntAdd(int , int);
}

CPP文件:

//hello.cpp
#define EXPORT_HELLO_DLL
#include "hello.h"
HELLO_API int IntAdd(int a, int b)
{
 return a + b;
}

这里有两个注意点:

(1)弄清楚编译的时候函数的调用约定采用的__cdecl还是__stdcall,因为根据DLL中函数调用约定方式,Python将使用相应的函数加载DLL。

(2)如果采用C++的工程,那么导出的接口需要extern "C",这样python中才能识别导出的函数。

我的工程中采用__cdecl函数调用约定方式进行编译链接产生hello.dll,然后Python中采用ctypes库对hello.dll进行加载和函数调用:

from ctypes import *
dll = cdll.LoadLibrary('hello.dll');
ret = dll.IntAdd(2, 4);
print ret;

至此,第一个小例子已经完成了,读者可以自己动手尝试一下运行效果。

示例二:

示例一只是一个"hello world"级别的程序,实际运用中更多的需要传递数据结构、字符串等,才能满足我们的需求。那么本示例将展示,如何传递数据结构参数,以及如何通过数据结构获取返回值。

首先编写DLL工程中的头文件:

//hello.h
#ifdef EXPORT_HELLO_DLL
#define HELLO_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define HELLO_API __declspec(dllimport)
#endif

#define ARRAY_NUMBER 20
#define STR_LEN 20

struct StructTest
{
 int number;
 char* pChar;
 char str[STR_LEN];
 int iArray[ARRAY_NUMBER];
};

extern "C"
{
 //HELLO_API int IntAdd(int , int);
 HELLO_API char* GetStructInfo(struct StructTest* pStruct);
}

CPP文件如下:

//hello.cpp
#include <string.h>
#define EXPORT_HELLO_DLL
#include "hello.h"

HELLO_API char* GetStructInfo(struct StructTest* pStruct)
{
 for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_NUMBER; i++)
 pStruct->iArray[i] = i;
 pStruct->pChar = "hello python!";
 strcpy (pStruct->str, "hello world!");
 pStruct->number = 100;
 return "just OK";
}

GetStructInfo这个函数通过传递一个StructTest类型的指针,然后对对象中的属性进行赋值,最后返回"just OK".

编写Python调用代码如下,首先在Python中继承Structure构造一个和C DLL中一致的数据结构StructTest,然后设置函数GetStructInfo的参数类型和返回值类型,最后创建一个StructTest对象,并将其转化为指针作为参数,调用函数GetStrcutInfo,最后通过输出数据结构的值来检查是否调用成功

from ctypes import *
ARRAY_NUMBER = 20;
STR_LEN = 20;
#define type
INTARRAY20 = c_int * ARRAY_NUMBER;
CHARARRAY20 = c_char * STR_LEN;
#define struct
class StructTest(Structure):
  _fields_ = [
    ("number", c_int),
    ("pChar", c_char_p),
    ("str", CHARARRAY20),
    ("iArray", INTARRAY20)
        ]
#load dll and get the function object
dll = cdll.LoadLibrary('hello.dll');
GetStructInfo = dll.GetStructInfo;
#set the return type
GetStructInfo.restype = c_char_p;
#set the argtypes
GetStructInfo.argtypes = [POINTER(StructTest)];
objectStruct = StructTest();
#invoke api GetStructInfo
retStr = GetStructInfo(byref(objectStruct));
#check result
print "number: ", objectStruct.number;
print "pChar: ", objectStruct.pChar;
print "str: ", objectStruct.str;
for i,val in enumerate(objectStruct.iArray):
  print 'Array[i]: ', val;
print retStr;

总结:

1. 用64位的Python去加载32位的DLL会出错
2. 以上只是些测试程序,在编写Python过程中尽可能的使用"try Except"来处理异常
3. 注意在Python与C DLL交互的时候字节对齐问题
4. ctypes库的功能还有待继续探索

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