PHP 异常处理 Exception 类
异常(Exception)用于在指定的错误发生时改变脚本的正常流程。 什么是异常? PHP 5 提供了一种新的面向对象的错误处理方法。 异常处理用于在指定的错误(异常)情况发生时改变脚本的正常流程。这种情况称为异常。 当异常被触发时,通常会发生: 当前代码状态被保存 代码执行被切换到预定义的异常处理器函数 根据情况,处理器也许会从保存的代码状态重新开始执行代码,终止脚本执行,或从代码中另外的位置继续执行脚本 我们将展示不同的错误处理方法: 异常的基本使用 创建自定义的异常处理器 多个异常 重新抛出异常 设置顶层异常处理器
异常的基本使用 当异常被抛出时,其后的代码不会继续执行,PHP 会尝试查找匹配的 "catch" 代码块。 如果异常没有被捕获,而且又没用使用 set_exception_handler() 作相应的处理的话,那么将发生一个严重的错误(致命错误),并且输出 "Uncaught Exception" (未捕获异常)的错误消息。 让我们尝试抛出一个异常,同时不去捕获它:
1) { throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below"); } return true; }//trigger exceptioncheckNum(2);?>
上面的代码会获得类似这样的一个错误: Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Value must be 1 or below' in C:\webfolder\test.php:6 Stack trace: #0 C:\webfolder\test.php(12): checkNum(28) #1 {main} thrown in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 6 Try, throw 和 catch 要避免上面例子出现的错误,我们需要创建适当的代码来处理异常。 处理处理程序应当包括: Try - 使用异常的函数应该位于 "try" 代码块内。如果没有触发异常,则代码将照常继续执行。但是如果异常被触发,会抛出一个异常。 Throw - 这里规定如何触发异常。每一个 "throw" 必须对应至少一个 "catch" Catch - "catch" 代码块会捕获异常,并创建一个包含异常信息的对象
让我们触发一个异常:
1) { throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below"); } return true; }//在 "try" 代码块中触发异常try { checkNum(2); //If the exception is thrown, this text will not be shown echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below'; }//捕获异常catch(Exception $e) { echo 'Message: ' .$e->getMessage(); }?>
上面代码将获得类似这样一个错误: Message: Value must be 1 or below 例子解释: 上面的代码抛出了一个异常,并捕获了它:
创建 checkNum() 函数。它检测数字是否大于 1。如果是,则抛出一个异常。 在 "try" 代码块中调用 checkNum() 函数。 checkNum() 函数中的异常被抛出 "catch" 代码块接收到该异常,并创建一个包含异常信息的对象 ($e)。 通过从这个 exception 对象调用 $e->getMessage(),输出来自该异常的错误消息
不过,为了遵循“每个 throw 必须对应一个 catch”的原则,可以设置一个顶层的异常处理器来处理漏掉的错误。 创建一个自定义的 Exception 类 创建自定义的异常处理程序非常简单。我们简单地创建了一个专门的类,当 PHP 中发生异常时,可调用其函数。该类必须是 exception 类的一个扩展。
这个自定义的 exception 类继承了 PHP 的 exception 类的所有属性,您可向其添加自定义的函数。 我们开始创建 exception 类:
getLine().' in '.$this->getFile().': '.$this->getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address'; return $errorMsg; } }$email = "[email protected]..com";try { //check if if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new customException($email); } }catch (customException $e) { //display custom message echo $e->errorMessage(); }?>
这个新的类是旧的 exception 类的副本,外加 errorMessage() 函数。正因为它是旧类的副本,因此它从旧类继承了属性和方法,我们可以使用 exception 类的方法,比如 getLine() 、 getFile() 以及 getMessage()。 例子解释: 上面的代码抛出了一个异常,并通过一个自定义的 exception 类来捕获它: customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一条错误消息 把 $email 变量设置为不合法的 e-mail 地址字符串 执行 "try" 代码块,由于 e-mail 地址不合法,因此抛出一个异常 "catch" 代码块捕获异常,并显示错误消息
多个异常 可以为一段脚本使用多个异常,来检测多种情况。 可以使用多个 if..else 代码块,或一个 switch 代码块,或者嵌套多个异常。这些异常能够使用不同的 exception 类,并返回不同的错误消息:
getLine().' in '.$this->getFile().': '.$this->getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address';return $errorMsg;}}$email = "[email protected]";try { //check if if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new customException($email); } //check for "example" in mail address if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE) { throw new Exception("$email is an example e-mail"); } }catch (customException $e) { echo $e->errorMessage(); }catch(Exception $e) { echo $e->getMessage(); }?>
例子解释: 上面的代码测试了两种条件,如何任何条件不成立,则抛出一个异常:
customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一个错误消息。 执行 "try" 代码块,在第一个条件下,不会抛出异常。 由于 e-mail 含有字符串 "example",第二个条件会触发异常。 "catch" 代码块会捕获异常,并显示恰当的错误消息
如果没有捕获 customException,紧紧捕获了 base exception,则在那里处理异常。
重新抛出异常 有时,当异常被抛出时,您也许希望以不同于标准的方式对它进行处理。可以在一个 "catch" 代码块中再次抛出异常。 脚本应该对用户隐藏系统错误。对程序员来说,系统错误也许很重要,但是用户对它们并不感兴趣。为了让用户更容易使用,您可以再次抛出带有对用户比较友好的消息的异常:
getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address.'; return $errorMsg; } }$email = "[email protected]";try { try { //check for "example" in mail address if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new Exception($email); } } catch(Exception $e) { //re-throw exception throw new customException($email); } }catch (customException $e) { //display custom message echo $e->errorMessage(); }?>
例子解释: 上面的代码检测在邮件地址中是否含有字符串 "example"。如果有,则再次抛出异常:
customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一个错误消息。 把 $email 变量设置为一个有效的邮件地址,但含有字符串 "example"。 "try" 代码块包含另一个 "try" 代码块,这样就可以再次抛出异常。 由于 e-mail 包含字符串 "example",因此触发异常。 "catch" 捕获到该异常,并重新抛出 "customException"。 捕获到 "customException",并显示一条错误消息。 如果在其目前的 "try" 代码块中异常没有被捕获,则它将在更高层级上查找 catch 代码块。 设置顶层异常处理器 (Top Level Exception Handler) set_exception_handler() 函数可设置处理所有未捕获异常的用户定义函数。
getMessage();}set_exception_handler('myException');throw new Exception('Uncaught Exception occurred');?>
以上代码的输出应该类似这样: Exception: Uncaught Exception occurred 在上面的代码中,不存在 "catch" 代码块,而是触发顶层的异常处理程序。应该使用此函数来捕获所有未被捕获的异常。
异常的规则 需要进行异常处理的代码应该放入 try 代码块内,以便捕获潜在的异常。 每个 try 或 throw 代码块必须至少拥有一个对应的 catch 代码块。 使用多个 catch 代码块可以捕获不同种类的异常。 可以在 try 代码块内的 catch 代码块中再次抛出(re-thrown)异常。
简而言之:如果抛出了异常,就必须捕获它。

Setting session cookie parameters in PHP can be achieved through the session_set_cookie_params() function. 1) Use this function to set parameters, such as expiration time, path, domain name, security flag, etc.; 2) Call session_start() to make the parameters take effect; 3) Dynamically adjust parameters according to needs, such as user login status; 4) Pay attention to setting secure and httponly flags to improve security.

The main purpose of using sessions in PHP is to maintain the status of the user between different pages. 1) The session is started through the session_start() function, creating a unique session ID and storing it in the user cookie. 2) Session data is saved on the server, allowing data to be passed between different requests, such as login status and shopping cart content.

How to share a session between subdomains? Implemented by setting session cookies for common domain names. 1. Set the domain of the session cookie to .example.com on the server side. 2. Choose the appropriate session storage method, such as memory, database or distributed cache. 3. Pass the session ID through cookies, and the server retrieves and updates the session data based on the ID.

HTTPS significantly improves the security of sessions by encrypting data transmission, preventing man-in-the-middle attacks and providing authentication. 1) Encrypted data transmission: HTTPS uses SSL/TLS protocol to encrypt data to ensure that the data is not stolen or tampered during transmission. 2) Prevent man-in-the-middle attacks: Through the SSL/TLS handshake process, the client verifies the server certificate to ensure the connection legitimacy. 3) Provide authentication: HTTPS ensures that the connection is a legitimate server and protects data integrity and confidentiality.

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.


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