System TutorialLINUXHow do I install software and set environment variables with non-root user rights?
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Condition
Use root userLinux uses root userLinux compression command, because the permissions are large enough, everything can be done easily
How about the Linux system when non-root users have low permissions? Even yuminstall cannot be used, so how to install software
Install rpm package
1. Take installing the wget tool as an example
First download a wget rpm package on the windows browser
http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/centos/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
Simulate offline installation afterwards
2. Use a non-root user to log in to the linux system
<span class="token comment"># 尝试安装yumdownloader，不行的，需要root权限</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> yumdownloader Loaded plugins: fastestmirror You need to be root to perform this command. <span class="token comment"># 尝试执行wget命令，不行，没有安装</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span> bash: wget: <span class="token function">command</span> not found <span class="token comment"># 尝试安装wget，不行的，需要root权限</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">wget</span> Loaded plugins: fastestmirror You need to be root to perform this command.
Upload the wget.***.rpm package we downloaded to the linux system
Last login: Wed Dec2 09:44:05 2020 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">pwd</span> /home/nim01 <span class="token comment"># root已经安装lrzsz了，直接上传</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rz <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll total 548 -rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
3. Install rpm package
Extracting files
<span class="token comment"># 执行下面指令，从安装包中提取文件</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rpm2cpio wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio -idvm ./etc/wgetrc ./usr/bin/wget ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14 ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/AUTHORS ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/COPYING ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/MAILING-LIST ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/NEWS ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/README ./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/sample.wgetrc ./usr/share/info/wget.info.gz ./usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo ./usr/share/man/man1/wget.1.gz 4030 blocks
Check
<span class="token comment"># 提取完之后，当前目录多了etc和usr两个目录</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll total 548 drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 20 Dec2 10:13 etc drwxrwxr-x. 4 nim01 nim01 30 Dec2 10:13 usr -rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
Check
<span class="token comment"># 进入usr/bin目录，可以看到可执行的wget文件</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> usr/ <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll total 0 drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 18 Dec2 10:13 bin drwxrwxr-x. 6 nim01 nim01 54 Dec2 10:13 share <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> bin/ <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit bin<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll total 412 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 nim01 nim01 418776 May 162019 <span class="token function">wget</span>
4. Set environment variables
In the home directory, directly edit the .bashrc file and lower the path of the executable program to the system PATH
In this wayLinux uses the root user and can directly execute the wget command
<span class="token comment"># .bashrc</span> <span class="token comment"># Source global definitions</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -f /etc/bashrc <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span> <span class="token keyword">.</span> /etc/bashrc <span class="token keyword">fi</span> <span class="token comment"># Uncomment the following line if you don't like systemctl's auto-paging feature:</span> <span class="token comment"># export SYSTEMD_PAGER=</span> <span class="token comment"># User specific aliases and functions</span> <span class="token function">export</span> PATH<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable">$PATH</span><span class="token keyword">:</span><span class="token variable">$HOME</span>/usr/bin
After saving and exiting
<span class="token comment"># 执行source，让修改生效</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">source</span> .bashrc <span class="token comment"># 执行wget，可正常使用</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span> wget: missing URL Usage: <span class="token function">wget</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>URL<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. Try `wget --help' <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token function">more</span> options.
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