一直以来被Linux的hostname和fqdn（Fully Qualified Domain Name）困惑了好久，今天专门抽时间把它们的使用细节弄清了。
一、设置hostname/fqdn
在Linux系统内设置hostname很简单，如：
$ hostname florian
如果要设置fqdn的话，需要对/etc/hosts进行配置。
$ cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.1 florian.test.com florian
/etc/hosts配置文件的格式是：
ip fqdn [alias]...
即第一列为主机ip地址，第二列为主机fqdn地址，第三列以后为别名，可以省略，否则至少要包含hostname。
上述配置文件的配置项的第一行为localhost的配置，第二行为主机名florian配置fqdn=florian.test.com，ip=192.168.1.1。
至于fqdn的域名后缀，最好和文件/etc/sysconfig/network的HOSTNAME配置保持一致：
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network NETWORKING=yes HOSTNAME=test.com
二、查看hostname/fqdn
配置完成后，可以使用shell命令查看hostname和fqdn：
$ hostname && hostname -f florian florian.test.com
使用ping去测试hostname的ip映射是否成功。
$ ping florian PING florian.test.com (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. $ ping florian.test.com PING florian.test.com (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
也可以使用python命令获取hostname和fqdn。
$ python Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) [GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import socket >>> socket.gethostname() 'florian' >>> socket.getfqdn() 'florian.test.com'
三、使用ip设置hostname带来的fqdn问题
以上描述了正常设置hostname和fqdn的方法，但是有时会使用ip地址直接作为hostname，此时会有些不同。
$ hostname 192.168.1.1 $ hostname && hostname -f 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1
我们发现使用ip作为hostname后，使用shell命令查询hostname和fqdn都是ip地址！！！这是因为DNS协议会解析hostname的内容，当发现其为ip地址时，则不会再去查询/etc/hosts文件。
再使用python查看一下，会发现python获取的fqdn竟然还是florian.test.com！！！
$ python Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) [GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import socket >>> socket.gethostname() '192.168.1.1' >>> socket.getfqdn() 'florian.test.com'
即便是刷新dns缓存也无济于事：
$ service nscd reload
将/etc/hosts文件的第二行注释：
cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost # 192.168.1.1 florian.test.com florian
刷新dns缓存：
$ service nscd reload
我们发现fqdn恢复正常了。
$ python Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 7 2011, 20:48:22) [GCC 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import socket >>> socket.gethostname() '192.168.1.1' >>> socket.getfqdn() '192.168.1.1'
之所以会有这样的行为，是因为python解析fqdn的逻辑和DNS并不完全一致，它会根据hostname查询对应的ip地址，然后在/etc/hosts内获取ip地址对应的配置行（第一行有效），然后解析fqdn列和alias列，并返回第一个包含字符'.'的对应列的值。
因此，使用ip设置hostname时，需要注意两点：
•首先，将hostname设置为ip地址
•其次，将/etc/hosts内包含该ip的配置项移除
为了保险起见，我们可以在/etc/hosts内尽可能靠前的位置添加如下配置：
cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1
这样，即便是之后有包含该ip的配置项也不会生效，python会优先解析第二行的配置项，并获取和ip地址完全一样的fqdn地址。当然，使用shell命令hostname获取fqdn也不会出错，因为hostname已经被设为ip地址形式了。
下面给大家介绍python shell 根据ip 获取 hostname || 根据hostname 获取 ip
利用 socket 模块 里的 gethostbyname 函数
<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">>>> import <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span> >>> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">gethostbyname</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"www.baidu.com"</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'61.135.169.125'</span> >>> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">socket</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">gethostbyname</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"rs.xidian.edu.cn"</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'202.117.119.1'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
方法2 利用 shell 中 hostname 命令
<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def getHostName(ip): <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'java -jar %s %s "hostname > %s.hostname"'</span> %(<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">remoteCmdLoca</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'%s -q -r -pw Sybase123 %s root@%s:/root'</span> % (<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'%s -q -r -pw Sybase123 root@%s:/root/%s.hostname %s'</span> %(<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">pscpLoca</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ip</span>,<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sumAutoLoca</span>)</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> = subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-command" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>)</span> fileName = sumAutoLoca + ip + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.hostname'</span> readFile = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">open</span>(fileName,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'r'</span>) hostnameInfo = str(readFile.readline().strip(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'\n'</span>)) readFile.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">close</span>() subprocess.call(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'rm '</span>+ fileName, <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">shell</span>=True) print <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"=========%s hostname is %s========"</span> %(ip,hostnameInfo) <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> hostnameInfo</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>
设计思路 ##
有时候socket不太稳定, 具体原因带查明
目的: 根据 ip 获取 hostname (适当改进也可逆转)
先设计了一个远程执行 ssh 命令jar, 或者可以用plink, 链接enter link description here
利用subprocess.call命令在远程ip机器上执行hostname > %s.hostname命令, 将hostname 信息输出到文件
用pscp将本地的pscp文件复制到远程ip机器上 /root 目录下(后来发现这步不需要)
然后利用本地的 pscp 将远程机器上带有hostname的文本文件/root/%s.hostname 复制到本地
利用 python 的文本读取功能读取信息, 从中取出hostname字符串
再利用 rm 命令把远程机器和本地的文本文件都删除
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