如何创建具有多个级别和主菜单的 Pygame 游戏？

Pygame 关卡/菜单状态

Pygame 是一个用于创建 2D 游戏的流行 Python 库。它提供了各种用于处理图形、声音、输入等的模块。

在本文中，我们将讨论如何使用 Pygame 创建具有多个级别和菜单的游戏。我们将从创建一个具有单个关卡的简单游戏开始，然后我们将对此进行扩展以创建一个具有多个关卡和主菜单的游戏。

创建一个具有单个关卡的简单游戏

要创建一个具有单一关卡的简单游戏，我们需要创建一个 Pygame 窗口，加载一些图形，并创建一个游戏循环。

这是一段代码显示如何执行此操作的代码片段：

import pygame

# Initialize the Pygame library
pygame.init()

# Set the window size
SCREEN_WIDTH = 800
SCREEN_HEIGHT = 600

# Create the Pygame window
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT))

# Set the window title
pygame.display.set_caption("My Game")

# Load the background image
background_image = pygame.image.load("background.png").convert()

# Create the player sprite
player = pygame.sprite.Sprite()
player.image = pygame.image.load("player.png").convert()
player.rect = player.image.get_rect()
player.rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2)

# Create the enemy sprite
enemy = pygame.sprite.Sprite()
enemy.image = pygame.image.load("enemy.png").convert()
enemy.rect = enemy.image.get_rect()
enemy.rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2 + 100)

# Create a group to hold all the sprites
all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
all_sprites.add(player)
all_sprites.add(enemy)

# Create a clock to control the game loop
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

# Run the game loop
running = True
while running:

    # Process events
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False

    # Update the game state
    all_sprites.update()

    # Draw the game画面
    screen.blit(background_image, (0, 0))
    all_sprites.draw(screen)

    # Flip the display
    pygame.display.flip()

    # Cap the frame rate at 60 FPS
    clock.tick(60)

# Quit the game
pygame.quit()

此代码创建一个带有背景图像和两个精灵的 Pygame 窗口：一个玩家和一个敌人。游戏循环一直运行，直到玩家退出游戏，并且在循环的每次迭代期间，游戏状态都会更新，屏幕会被绘制，并且显示会被翻转。

将游戏扩展到包括多个级别和主菜单

要扩展游戏以包含多个级别和主菜单，我们需要创建一个新的 Scene 类。场景代表游戏的特定部分，例如关卡或菜单。

以下代码片段展示了如何创建场景类：

class Scene:

    def __init__(self):
        self.next = None

    def update(self):
        pass

    def draw(self, screen):
        pass

    def handle_events(self, events):
        pass

场景类具有三个方法：update、draw 和handle_events。每帧调用update方法来更新游戏状态，每帧调用draw方法来绘制游戏画面，每帧调用handle_events方法来处理用户输入。

我们现在可以创建一个每个级别和主菜单的新场景。下面的代码片段展示了如何执行此操作：

class Level1(Scene):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        # Create the player sprite
        self.player = pygame.sprite.Sprite()
        self.player.image = pygame.image.load("player.png").convert()
        self.player.rect = self.player.image.get_rect()
        self.player.rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2)

        # Create the enemy sprite
        self.enemy = pygame.sprite.Sprite()
        self.enemy.image = pygame.image.load("enemy.png").convert()
        self.enemy.rect = self.enemy.image.get_rect()
        self.enemy.rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2 + 100)

        # Create a group to hold all the sprites
        self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
        self.all_sprites.add(self.player)
        self.all_sprites.add(self.enemy)

    def update(self):
        # Update the game state
        self.all_sprites.update()

    def draw(self, screen):
        # Draw the game画面
        screen.blit(background_image, (0, 0))
        self.all_sprites.draw(screen)

    def handle_events(self, events):
        # Handle user input
        for event in events:
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                # The user has quit the game
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                    # The user has pressed the left arrow key
                    self.player.rect.x -= 10
                elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                    # The user has pressed the right arrow key
                    self.player.rect.x += 10
                elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                    # The user has pressed the up arrow key
                    self.player.rect.y -= 10
                elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                    # The user has pressed the down arrow key
                    self.player.rect.y += 10

class MainMenu(Scene):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        # Create the title text
        self.title_text = pygame.font.Font(None, 50)
        self.title_text_image = self.title_text.render("My Game", True, (255, 255, 255))
        self.title_text_rect = self.title_text_image.get_rect()
        self.title_text_rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2)

        # Create the start button
        self.start_button = pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 255, 0), (SCREEN_WIDTH / 2 - 50, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2 + 100, 100, 50))

    def update(self):
        pass

    def draw(self, screen):
        # Draw the game画面
        screen.blit(background_image, (0, 0))
        screen.blit(self.title_text_image, self.title_text_rect)
        pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 255, 0), self.start_button)

    def handle_events(self, events):
        # Handle user input
        for event in events:
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                # The user has quit the game
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()
            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                # The user has clicked the start button
                if self.start_button.collidepoint(event.pos):
                    # Set the next scene to Level1
                    self.next = Level1()

我们现在可以创建一个新的 SceneManager 类来管理不同的场景。 SceneManager 跟踪当前场景，并在当前场景完成时切换到下一个场景。

以下代码片段展示了如何创建 SceneManager 类：

class SceneManager:

    def __init__(self):
        self.current_scene = MainMenu()

    def run(self):
        # Run the game loop
        running = True
        while running:

            # Process events
            for event in pygame.event.get():
                if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                    # The user has quit the game
                    running = False

            # Update the current scene
            self.current_scene.update()

            # Draw the current scene
            self.current_scene.draw(screen)

            # Flip the display
            pygame.display.flip()

            # Check if the current scene is finished
            if self.current_scene.next is not None:

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