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前言何为PostgreSQL?PostgreSQL简史格式约定更多信息臭虫汇报指导I. 教程章1. 从头开始1.1. 安装1.2. 体系基本概念1.3. 创建一个数据库1.4. 访问数据库章2. SQL语言2.1. 介绍2.2. 概念2.3. 创建新表2.4. 向表中添加行2.5. 查询一个表2.6. 表间链接2.7. 聚集函数2.8. 更新2.9. 删除章3. 高级特性3.1. 介绍3.2. 视图3.3. 外键3.4. 事务3.5. 窗口函数3.6. 继承3.7. 结论II. SQL语言章4. SQL语法4.1. 词法结构4.2. 值表达式4.3. 调用函数章5. 数据定义5.1. 表的基本概念5.2. 缺省值5.3. 约束5.4. 系统字段5.5. 修改表5.6. 权限5.7. 模式5.8. 继承5.9. 分区5.10. 其它数据库对象5.11. 依赖性跟踪章 6. 数据操作6.1. 插入数据6.2. 更新数据6.3. 删除数据章7. 查询7.1. 概述7.2. 表表达式7.3. 选择列表7.4. 组合查询7.5. 行排序7.6. LIMIT和OFFSET7.7. VALUES列表7.8. WITH的查询(公用表表达式)章8. 数据类型8.1. 数值类型8.2. 货币类型8.3. 字符类型8.4. 二进制数据类型8.5. 日期/时间类型8.6. 布尔类型8.7. 枚举类型8.8. 几何类型8.9. 网络地址类型8.10. 位串类型8.11. 文本搜索类型8.12. UUID类型8.13. XML类型8.14. 数组8.15. 复合类型8.16. 对象标识符类型8.17. 伪类型章 9. 函数和操作符9.1. 逻辑操作符9.2. 比较操作符9.3. 数学函数和操作符9.4. 字符串函数和操作符9.5. 二进制字符串函数和操作符9.6. 位串函数和操作符9.7. 模式匹配9.8. 数据类型格式化函数9.9. 时间/日期函数和操作符9.10. 支持枚举函数9.11. 几何函数和操作符9.12. 网络地址函数和操作符9.13. 文本检索函数和操作符9.14. XML函数9.15. 序列操作函数9.16. 条件表达式9.17. 数组函数和操作符9.18. 聚合函数9.19. 窗口函数9.20. 子查询表达式9.21. 行和数组比较9.22. 返回集合的函数9.23. 系统信息函数9.24. 系统管理函数9.25. 触发器函数章10. 类型转换10.3. 函数10.2. 操作符10.1. 概述10.4. 值存储10.5. UNION章11. 索引11.1. 介绍11.2. 索引类型11.3. 多字段索引11.4. 索引和ORDER BY11.5. 组合多个索引11.6. 唯一索引11.7. 表达式上的索引11.8. 部分索引11.9. 操作类和操作簇11.10. 检查索引的使用章12. Full Text Search12.1. Introduction12.2. Tables and Indexes12.3. Controlling Text Search12.4. Additional Features12.5. Parsers12.6. Dictionaries12.7. Configuration Example12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types12.10. psql Support12.11. Limitations12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search章13. 并发控制13.1. 介绍13.2. 事务隔离13.3. 明确锁定13.4. 应用层数据完整性检查13.5. 锁和索引章14. 性能提升技巧14.1. 使用EXPLAIN14.2. 规划器使用的统计信息14.3. 用明确的JOIN语句控制规划器14.4. 向数据库中添加记录14.5. 非持久性设置III. 服务器管理章15. 安装指导15.1. 简版15.2. 要求15.3. 获取源码15.4. 升级15.5. 安装过程15.6. 安装后的设置15.7. 支持的平台15.8. 特殊平台的要求章16. Installation from Source Code on Windows16.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Platform SDK16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++章17. 服务器安装和操作17.1. PostgreSQL用户帐户17.2. 创建数据库集群17.3. 启动数据库服务器17.4. 管理内核资源17.5. 关闭服务17.6. 防止服务器欺骗17.7. 加密选项17.8. 用SSL进行安全的TCP/IP连接17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels章18. 服务器配置18.1. 设置参数18.2. 文件位置18.3. 连接和认证18.4. 资源消耗18.5. 预写式日志18.6. 查询规划18.7. 错误报告和日志18.8. 运行时统计18.9. 自动清理18.10. 客户端连接缺省18.12. 版本和平台兼容性18.11. 锁管理18.13. 预置选项18.14. 自定义的选项18.15. 开发人员选项18.16. 短选项章19. 用户认证19.1. pg_hba.conf 文件19.2. 用户名映射19.3. 认证方法19.4. 用户认证章20. 数据库角色和权限20.1. 数据库角色20.2. 角色属性20.3. 权限20.4. 角色成员20.5. 函数和触发器章21. 管理数据库21.1. 概述21.2. 创建一个数据库21.3. 临时库21.4. 数据库配置21.5. 删除数据库21.6. 表空间章22. 本土化22.1. 区域支持22.2. 字符集支持章23. 日常数据库维护工作23.1. Routine Vacuuming日常清理23.2. 经常重建索引23.3. 日志文件维护章24. 备份和恢复24.1. SQL转储24.2. 文件系统级别的备份24.3. 在线备份以及即时恢复(PITR)24.4. 版本间迁移章25. 高可用性与负载均衡,复制25.1. 不同解决方案的比较25.2. 日志传送备份服务器25.3. 失效切换25.4. 日志传送的替代方法25.5. 热备章26. 恢复配置26.1. 归档恢复设置26.2. 恢复目标设置26.3. 备服务器设置章27. 监控数据库的活动27.1. 标准Unix工具27.2. 统计收集器27.3. 查看锁27.4. 动态跟踪章28. 监控磁盘使用情况28.1. 判断磁盘的使用量28.2. 磁盘满导致的失效章29. 可靠性和预写式日志29.1. 可靠性29.2. 预写式日志(WAL)29.3. 异步提交29.4. WAL配置29.5. WAL内部章30. Regression Tests30.1. Running the Tests30.2. Test Evaluation30.3. Variant Comparison Files30.4. Test Coverage ExaminationIV. 客户端接口章31. libpq-C库31.1. 数据库联接函数31.2. 连接状态函数31.3. 命令执行函数31.4. 异步命令处理31.5. 取消正在处理的查询31.6. 捷径接口31.7. 异步通知31.8. 与COPY命令相关的函数31.9. Control Functions 控制函数31.10. 其他函数31.11. 注意信息处理31.12. 事件系统31.13. 环境变量31.14. 口令文件31.15. 连接服务的文件31.16. LDAP查找连接参数31.17. SSL支持31.18. 在多线程程序里的行为31.19. 制作libpq程序31.20. 例子程序章32. 大对象32.1. 介绍32.2. 实现特点32.3. 客户端接口32.4. 服务器端函数32.5. 例子程序章33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C33.1. The Concept33.2. Connecting to the Database Server33.3. Closing a Connection33.4. Running SQL Commands33.5. Choosing a Connection33.6. Using Host Variables33.7. Dynamic SQL33.8. pgtypes library33.9. Using Descriptor Areas33.10. Informix compatibility mode33.11. Error Handling33.12. Preprocessor directives33.13. Processing Embedded SQL Programs33.14. Library Functions33.15. Internals章34. 信息模式34.1. 关于这个模式34.2. 数据类型34.3. information_schema_catalog_name34.4. administrable_role_authorizations34.5. applicable_roles34.6. attributes34.7. check_constraint_routine_usage34.8. check_constraints34.9. column_domain_usage34.10. column_privileges34.11. column_udt_usage34.12. 字段34.13. constraint_column_usage34.14. constraint_table_usage34.15. data_type_privileges34.16. domain_constraints34.18. domains34.17. domain_udt_usage34.19. element_types34.20. enabled_roles34.21. foreign_data_wrapper_options34.22. foreign_data_wrappers34.23. foreign_server_options34.24. foreign_servers34.25. key_column_usage34.26. parameters34.27. referential_constraints34.28. role_column_grants34.29. role_routine_grants34.30. role_table_grants34.31. role_usage_grants34.32. routine_privileges34.33. routines34.34. schemata34.35. sequences34.36. sql_features34.37. sql_implementation_info34.38. sql_languages34.39. sql_packages34.40. sql_parts34.41. sql_sizing34.42. sql_sizing_profiles34.43. table_constraints34.44. table_privileges34.45. tables34.46. triggered_update_columns34.47. 触发器34.48. usage_privileges34.49. user_mapping_options34.50. user_mappings34.51. view_column_usage34.52. view_routine_usage34.53. view_table_usage34.54. 视图V. 服务器端编程章35. 扩展SQL35.1. 扩展性是如何实现的35.2. PostgreSQL类型系统35.3. User-Defined Functions35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions35.5. Function Overloading35.6. Function Volatility Categories35.7. Procedural Language Functions35.8. Internal Functions35.9. C-Language Functions35.10. User-Defined Aggregates35.11. User-Defined Types35.12. User-Defined Operators35.13. Operator Optimization Information35.14. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes35.15. 用C++扩展章36. 触发器36.1. 触发器行为概述36.3. 用 C 写触发器36.2. 数据改变的可视性36.4. 一个完整的例子章37. 规则系统37.1. The Query Tree37.2. 视图和规则系统37.3. 在INSERT,UPDATE和DELETE上的规则37.4. 规则和权限37.5. 规则和命令状态37.6. 规则与触发器得比较章38. Procedural Languages38.1. Installing Procedural Languages章39. PL/pgSQL - SQL过程语言39.1. 概述39.2. PL/pgSQL的结构39.3. 声明39.4. 表达式39.5. 基本语句39.6. 控制结构39.7. 游标39.8. 错误和消息39.9. 触发器过程39.10. PL/pgSQL Under the Hood39.11. 开发PL/pgSQL的一些提示39.12. 从OraclePL/SQL 进行移植章40. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language40.1. Overview40.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments40.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl40.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl40.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl40.6. Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl40.7. Modules and the unknown command40.8. Tcl Procedure Names章41. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language41.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments41.2. Data Values in PL/Perl41.3. Built-in Functions41.4. Global Values in PL/Perl41.6. PL/Perl Triggers41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl41.7. PL/Perl Under the Hood章42. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language42.1. Python 2 vs. Python 342.2. PL/Python Functions42.3. Data Values42.4. Sharing Data42.5. Anonymous Code Blocks42.6. Trigger Functions42.7. Database Access42.8. Utility Functions42.9. Environment Variables章43. Server Programming Interface43.1. Interface FunctionsSpi-spi-connectSpi-spi-finishSpi-spi-pushSpi-spi-popSpi-spi-executeSpi-spi-execSpi-spi-execute-with-argsSpi-spi-prepareSpi-spi-prepare-cursorSpi-spi-prepare-paramsSpi-spi-getargcountSpi-spi-getargtypeidSpi-spi-is-cursor-planSpi-spi-execute-planSpi-spi-execute-plan-with-paramlistSpi-spi-execpSpi-spi-cursor-openSpi-spi-cursor-open-with-argsSpi-spi-cursor-open-with-paramlistSpi-spi-cursor-findSpi-spi-cursor-fetchSpi-spi-cursor-moveSpi-spi-scroll-cursor-fetchSpi-spi-scroll-cursor-moveSpi-spi-cursor-closeSpi-spi-saveplan43.2. Interface Support FunctionsSpi-spi-fnameSpi-spi-fnumberSpi-spi-getvalueSpi-spi-getbinvalSpi-spi-gettypeSpi-spi-gettypeidSpi-spi-getrelnameSpi-spi-getnspname43.3. Memory ManagementSpi-spi-pallocSpi-reallocSpi-spi-pfreeSpi-spi-copytupleSpi-spi-returntupleSpi-spi-modifytupleSpi-spi-freetupleSpi-spi-freetupletableSpi-spi-freeplan43.4. Visibility of Data Changes43.5. ExamplesVI. 参考手册I. SQL命令Sql-abortSql-alteraggregateSql-alterconversionSql-alterdatabaseSql-alterdefaultprivilegesSql-alterdomainSql-alterforeigndatawrapperSql-alterfunctionSql-altergroupSql-alterindexSql-alterlanguageSql-alterlargeobjectSql-alteroperatorSql-alteropclassSql-alteropfamilySql-alterroleSql-alterschemaSql-altersequenceSql-alterserverSql-altertableSql-altertablespaceSql-altertsconfigSql-altertsdictionarySql-altertsparserSql-altertstemplateSql-altertriggerSql-altertypeSql-alteruserSql-alterusermappingSql-alterviewSql-analyzeSql-beginSql-checkpointSql-closeSql-clusterSql-commentSql-commitSql-commit-preparedSql-copySql-createaggregateSql-createcastSql-createconstraintSql-createconversionSql-createdatabaseSql-createdomainSql-createforeigndatawrapperSql-createfunctionSql-creategroupSql-createindexSql-createlanguageSql-createoperatorSql-createopclassSql-createopfamilySql-createroleSql-createruleSql-createschemaSql-createsequenceSql-createserverSql-createtableSql-createtableasSql-createtablespaceSql-createtsconfigSql-createtsdictionarySql-createtsparserSql-createtstemplateSql-createtriggerSql-createtypeSql-createuserSql-createusermappingSql-createviewSql-deallocateSql-declareSql-deleteSql-discardSql-doSql-dropaggregateSql-dropcastSql-dropconversionSql-dropdatabaseSql-dropdomainSql-dropforeigndatawrapperSql-dropfunctionSql-dropgroupSql-dropindexSql-droplanguageSql-dropoperatorSql-dropopclassSql-dropopfamilySql-drop-ownedSql-droproleSql-dropruleSql-dropschemaSql-dropsequenceSql-dropserverSql-droptableSql-droptablespaceSql-droptsconfigSql-droptsdictionarySql-droptsparserSql-droptstemplateSql-droptriggerSql-droptypeSql-dropuserSql-dropusermappingSql-dropviewSql-endSql-executeSql-explainSql-fetchSql-grantSql-insertSql-listenSql-loadSql-lockSql-moveSql-notifySql-prepareSql-prepare-transactionSql-reassign-ownedSql-reindexSql-release-savepointSql-resetSql-revokeSql-rollbackSql-rollback-preparedSql-rollback-toSql-savepointSql-selectSql-selectintoSql-setSql-set-constraintsSql-set-roleSql-set-session-authorizationSql-set-transactionSql-showSql-start-transactionSql-truncateSql-unlistenSql-updateSql-vacuumSql-valuesII. 客户端应用程序App-clusterdbApp-createdbApp-createlangApp-createuserApp-dropdbApp-droplangApp-dropuserApp-ecpgApp-pgconfigApp-pgdumpApp-pg-dumpallApp-pgrestoreApp-psqlApp-reindexdbApp-vacuumdbIII. PostgreSQL服务器应用程序App-initdbApp-pgcontroldataApp-pg-ctlApp-pgresetxlogApp-postgresApp-postmasterVII. 内部章44. PostgreSQL内部概览44.1. 查询路径44.2. 连接是如何建立起来的44.3. 分析器阶段44.4. ThePostgreSQL规则系统44.5. 规划器/优化器44.6. 执行器章45. 系统表45.1. 概述45.2. pg_aggregate45.3. pg_am45.4. pg_amop45.5. pg_amproc45.6. pg_attrdef45.7. pg_attribute45.8. pg_authid45.9. pg_auth_members45.10. pg_cast45.11. pg_class45.12. pg_constraint45.13. pg_conversion45.14. pg_database45.15. pg_db_role_setting45.16. pg_default_acl45.17. pg_depend45.18. pg_description45.19. pg_enum45.20. pg_foreign_data_wrapper45.21. pg_foreign_server45.22. pg_index45.23. pg_inherits45.24. pg_language45.25. pg_largeobject45.26. pg_largeobject_metadata45.27. pg_namespace45.28. pg_opclass45.29. pg_operator45.30. pg_opfamily45.31. pg_pltemplate45.32. pg_proc45.33. pg_rewrite45.34. pg_shdepend45.35. pg_shdescription45.36. pg_statistic45.37. pg_tablespace45.38. pg_trigger45.39. pg_ts_config45.40. pg_ts_config_map45.41. pg_ts_dict45.42. pg_ts_parser45.43. pg_ts_template45.44. pg_type45.45. pg_user_mapping45.46. System Views45.47. pg_cursors45.48. pg_group45.49. pg_indexes45.50. pg_locks45.51. pg_prepared_statements45.52. pg_prepared_xacts45.53. pg_roles45.54. pg_rules45.55. pg_settings45.56. pg_shadow45.57. pg_stats45.58. pg_tables45.59. pg_timezone_abbrevs45.60. pg_timezone_names45.61. pg_user45.62. pg_user_mappings45.63. pg_views章46. Frontend/Backend Protocol46.1. Overview46.2. Message Flow46.3. Streaming Replication Protocol46.4. Message Data Types46.5. Message Formats46.6. Error and Notice Message Fields46.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.047. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions47.1. Formatting47.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server47.3. Error Message Style Guide章48. Native Language Support48.1. For the Translator48.2. For the Programmer章49. Writing A Procedural Language Handler章50. Genetic Query Optimizer50.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem50.2. Genetic Algorithms50.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL50.4. Further Reading章51. 索引访问方法接口定义51.1. 索引的系统表记录51.2. 索引访问方法函数51.3. 索引扫描51.4. 索引锁的考量51.5. 索引唯一性检查51.6. 索引开销估计函数章52. GiST Indexes52.1. Introduction52.2. Extensibility52.3. Implementation52.4. Examples52.5. Crash Recovery章53. GIN Indexes53.1. Introduction53.2. Extensibility53.3. Implementation53.4. GIN tips and tricks53.5. Limitations53.6. Examples章54. 数据库物理存储54.1. 数据库文件布局54.2. TOAST54.3. 自由空间映射54.4. 可见映射54.5. 数据库分页文件章55. BKI后端接口55.1. BKI 文件格式55.2. BKI命令55.3. 系统初始化的BKI文件的结构55.4. 例子章56. 规划器如何使用统计信息56.1. 行预期的例子VIII. 附录A. PostgreSQL错误代码B. 日期/时间支持B.1. 日期/时间输入解析B.2. 日期/时间关键字B.3. 日期/时间配置文件B.4. 日期单位的历史C. SQL关键字D. SQL ConformanceD.1. Supported FeaturesD.2. Unsupported FeaturesE. Release NotesRelease-0-01Release-0-02Release-0-03Release-1-0Release-1-01Release-1-02Release-1-09Release-6-0Release-6-1Release-6-1-1Release-6-2Release-6-2-1Release-6-3Release-6-3-1Release-6-3-2Release-6-4Release-6-4-1Release-6-4-2Release-6-5Release-6-5-1Release-6-5-2Release-6-5-3Release-7-0Release-7-0-1Release-7-0-2Release-7-0-3Release-7-1Release-7-1-1Release-7-1-2Release-7-1-3Release-7-2Release-7-2-1Release-7-2-2Release-7-2-3Release-7-2-4Release-7-2-5Release-7-2-6Release-7-2-7Release-7-2-8Release-7-3Release-7-3-1Release-7-3-10Release-7-3-11Release-7-3-12Release-7-3-13Release-7-3-14Release-7-3-15Release-7-3-16Release-7-3-17Release-7-3-18Release-7-3-19Release-7-3-2Release-7-3-20Release-7-3-21Release-7-3-3Release-7-3-4Release-7-3-5Release-7-3-6Release-7-3-7Release-7-3-8Release-7-3-9Release-7-4Release-7-4-1Release-7-4-10Release-7-4-11Release-7-4-12Release-7-4-13Release-7-4-14Release-7-4-15Release-7-4-16Release-7-4-17Release-7-4-18Release-7-4-19Release-7-4-2Release-7-4-20Release-7-4-21Release-7-4-22Release-7-4-23Release-7-4-24Release-7-4-25Release-7-4-26Release-7-4-27Release-7-4-28Release-7-4-29Release-7-4-3Release-7-4-30Release-7-4-4Release-7-4-5Release-7-4-6Release-7-4-7Release-7-4-8Release-7-4-9Release-8-0Release-8-0-1Release-8-0-10Release-8-0-11Release-8-0-12Release-8-0-13Release-8-0-14Release-8-0-15Release-8-0-16Release-8-0-17Release-8-0-18Release-8-0-19Release-8-0-2Release-8-0-20Release-8-0-21Release-8-0-22Release-8-0-23Release-8-0-24Release-8-0-25Release-8-0-26Release-8-0-3Release-8-0-4Release-8-0-5Release-8-0-6Release-8-0-7Release-8-0-8Release-8-0-9Release-8-1Release-8-1-1Release-8-1-10Release-8-1-11Release-8-1-12Release-8-1-13Release-8-1-14Release-8-1-15Release-8-1-16Release-8-1-17Release-8-1-18Release-8-1-19Release-8-1-2Release-8-1-20Release-8-1-21Release-8-1-22Release-8-1-23Release-8-1-3Release-8-1-4Release-8-1-5Release-8-1-6Release-8-1-7Release-8-1-8Release-8-1-9Release-8-2Release-8-2-1Release-8-2-10Release-8-2-11Release-8-2-12Release-8-2-13Release-8-2-14Release-8-2-15Release-8-2-16Release-8-2-17Release-8-2-18Release-8-2-19Release-8-2-2Release-8-2-20Release-8-2-21Release-8-2-3Release-8-2-4Release-8-2-5Release-8-2-6Release-8-2-7Release-8-2-8Release-8-2-9Release-8-3Release-8-3-1Release-8-3-10Release-8-3-11Release-8-3-12Release-8-3-13Release-8-3-14Release-8-3-15Release-8-3-2Release-8-3-3Release-8-3-4Release-8-3-5Release-8-3-6Release-8-3-7Release-8-3-8Release-8-3-9Release-8-4Release-8-4-1Release-8-4-2Release-8-4-3Release-8-4-4Release-8-4-5Release-8-4-6Release-8-4-7Release-8-4-8Release-9-0Release-9-0-1Release-9-0-2Release-9-0-3Release-9-0-4F. 额外提供的模块F.1. adminpackF.2. auto_explainF.3. btree_ginF.4. btree_gistF.5. chkpassF.6. citextF.7. cubeF.8. dblinkContrib-dblink-connectContrib-dblink-connect-uContrib-dblink-disconnectContrib-dblinkContrib-dblink-execContrib-dblink-openContrib-dblink-fetchContrib-dblink-closeContrib-dblink-get-connectionsContrib-dblink-error-messageContrib-dblink-send-queryContrib-dblink-is-busyContrib-dblink-get-notifyContrib-dblink-get-resultContrib-dblink-cancel-queryContrib-dblink-get-pkeyContrib-dblink-build-sql-insertContrib-dblink-build-sql-deleteContrib-dblink-build-sql-updateF.9. dict_intF.10. dict_xsynF.11. earthdistanceF.12. fuzzystrmatchF.13. hstoreF.14. intaggF.15. intarrayF.16. isnF.17. loF.18. ltreeF.19. oid2nameF.20. pageinspectF.21. passwordcheckF.22. pg_archivecleanupF.23. pgbenchF.24. pg_buffercacheF.25. pgcryptoF.26. pg_freespacemapF.27. pgrowlocksF.28. pg_standbyF.29. pg_stat_statementsF.30. pgstattupleF.31. pg_trgmF.32. pg_upgradeF.33. segF.34. spiF.35. sslinfoF.36. tablefuncF.37. test_parserF.38. tsearch2F.39. unaccentF.40. uuid-osspF.41. vacuumloF.42. xml2G. 外部项目G.1. 客户端接口G.2. 过程语言G.3. 扩展H. The Source Code RepositoryH.1. Getting The Source Via GitI. 文档I.1. DocBookI.2. 工具集I.3. 制作文档I.4. 文档写作I.5. 风格指导J. 首字母缩略词参考书目BookindexIndex
文字

E.156. Release 7.3

Release date: 2002-11-27

E.156.1. Overview

Major changes in this release:

Schemas

Schemas allow users to create objects in separate namespaces, so two people or applications can have tables with the same name. There is also a public schema for shared tables. Table/index creation can be restricted by removing privileges on the public schema.

Drop Column

PostgreSQL now supports the ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN functionality.

Table Functions

Functions returning multiple rows and/or multiple columns are now much easier to use than before. You can call such a "table function" in the SELECT FROM clause, treating its output like a table. Also, PL/pgSQL functions can now return sets.

Prepared Queries

PostgreSQL now supports prepared queries, for improved performance.

Dependency Tracking

PostgreSQL now records object dependencies, which allows improvements in many areas. DROP statements now take either CASCADE or RESTRICT to control whether dependent objects are also dropped.

Privileges

Functions and procedural languages now have privileges, and functions can be defined to run with the privileges of their creator.

Internationalization

Both multibyte and locale support are now always enabled.

Logging

A variety of logging options have been enhanced.

Interfaces

A large number of interfaces have been moved to http://gborg.postgresql.org where they can be developed and released independently.

Functions/Identifiers

By default, functions can now take up to 32 parameters, and identifiers can be up to 63 bytes long. Also, OPAQUE is now deprecated: there are specific "pseudo-datatypes" to represent each of the former meanings of OPAQUE in function argument and result types.

E.156.2. Migration to Version 7.3

A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. If your application examines the system catalogs, additional changes will be required due to the introduction of schemas in 7.3; for more information, see: http://developer.postgresql.org/~momjian/upgrade_tips_7.3.

Observe the following incompatibilities:

  • Pre-6.3 clients are no longer supported.

  • pg_hba.conf now has a column for the user name and additional features. Existing files need to be adjusted.

  • Several postgresql.conf logging parameters have been renamed.

  • LIMIT #,# has been disabled; use LIMIT # OFFSET #.

  • INSERT statements with column lists must specify a value for each specified column. For example, INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1') is now invalid. It's still allowed to supply fewer columns than expected if the INSERT does not have a column list.

  • serial columns are no longer automatically UNIQUE; thus, an index will not automatically be created.

  • A SET command inside an aborted transaction is now rolled back.

  • COPY no longer considers missing trailing columns to be null. All columns need to be specified. (However, one can achieve a similar effect by specifying a column list in the COPY command.)

  • The data type timestamp is now equivalent to timestamp without time zone, instead of timestamp with time zone.

  • Pre-7.3 databases loaded into 7.3 will not have the new object dependencies for serial columns, unique constraints, and foreign keys. See the directory contrib/adddepend/ for a detailed description and a script that will add such dependencies.

  • An empty string ('') is no longer allowed as the input into an integer field. Formerly, it was silently interpreted as 0.

E.156.3. Changes

E.156.3.1. Server Operation

  • Add pg_locks view to show locks (Neil)

  • Security fixes for password negotiation memory allocation (Neil)

  • Remove support for version 0 FE/BE protocol (PostgreSQL 6.2 and earlier) (Tom)

  • Reserve the last few backend slots for superusers, add parameter superuser_reserved_connections to control this (Nigel J. Andrews)

E.156.3.2. Performance

  • Improve startup by calling localtime() only once (Tom)

  • Cache system catalog information in flat files for faster startup (Tom)

  • Improve caching of index information (Tom)

  • Optimizer improvements (Tom, Fernando Nasser)

  • Catalog caches now store failed lookups (Tom)

  • Hash function improvements (Neil)

  • Improve performance of query tokenization and network handling (Peter)

  • Speed improvement for large object restore (Mario Weilguni)

  • Mark expired index entries on first lookup, saving later heap fetches (Tom)

  • Avoid excessive NULL bitmap padding (Manfred Koizar)

  • Add BSD-licensed qsort() for Solaris, for performance (Bruce)

  • Reduce per-row overhead by four bytes (Manfred Koizar)

  • Fix GEQO optimizer bug (Neil Conway)

  • Make WITHOUT OID actually save four bytes per row (Manfred Koizar)

  • Add default_statistics_target variable to specify ANALYZE buckets (Neil)

  • Use local buffer cache for temporary tables so no WAL overhead (Tom)

  • Improve free space map performance on large tables (Stephen Marshall, Tom)

  • Improved WAL write concurrency (Tom)

E.156.3.3. Privileges

  • Add privileges on functions and procedural languages (Peter)

  • Add OWNER to CREATE DATABASE so superusers can create databases on behalf of unprivileged users (Gavin Sherry, Tom)

  • Add new object privilege bits EXECUTE and USAGE (Tom)

  • Add SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT and RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION (Tom)

  • Allow functions to be executed with the privilege of the function owner (Peter)

E.156.3.4. Server Configuration

  • Server log messages now tagged with LOG, not DEBUG (Bruce)

  • Add user column to pg_hba.conf (Bruce)

  • Have log_connections output two lines in log file (Tom)

  • Remove debug_level from postgresql.conf, now server_min_messages (Bruce)

  • New ALTER DATABASE/USER ... SET command for per-user/database initialization (Peter)

  • New parameters server_min_messages and client_min_messages to control which messages are sent to the server logs or client applications (Bruce)

  • Allow pg_hba.conf to specify lists of users/databases separated by commas, group names prepended with +, and file names prepended with @ (Bruce)

  • Remove secondary password file capability and pg_password utility (Bruce)

  • Add variable db_user_namespace for database-local user names (Bruce)

  • SSL improvements (Bear Giles)

  • Make encryption of stored passwords the default (Bruce)

  • Allow pg_statistics to be reset by calling pg_stat_reset() (Christopher)

  • Add log_duration parameter (Bruce)

  • Rename debug_print_query to log_statement (Bruce)

  • Rename show_query_stats to show_statement_stats (Bruce)

  • Add param log_min_error_statement to print commands to logs on error (Gavin)

E.156.3.5. Queries

  • Make cursors insensitive, meaning their contents do not change (Tom)

  • Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)

  • Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)

  • UNION fixes for merging >= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)

  • Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)

  • Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)

  • Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1'); (Rod)

  • Fix for join aliases (Tom)

  • Fix for FULL OUTER JOINs (Tom)

  • Improve reporting of invalid identifier and location (Tom, Gavin)

  • Fix OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)

  • Allow 'ctid' to be used in a view and currtid(viewname) (Hiroshi)

  • Fix for CREATE TABLE AS with UNION (Tom)

  • SQL99 syntax improvements (Thomas)

  • Add statement_timeout variable to cancel queries (Bruce)

  • Allow prepared queries with PREPARE/EXECUTE (Neil)

  • Allow FOR UPDATE to appear after LIMIT/OFFSET (Bruce)

  • Add variable autocommit (Tom, David Van Wie)

E.156.3.6. Object Manipulation

  • Make equals signs optional in CREATE DATABASE (Gavin Sherry)

  • Make ALTER TABLE OWNER change index ownership too (Neil)

  • New ALTER TABLE tabname ALTER COLUMN colname SET STORAGE controls TOAST storage, compression (John Gray)

  • Add schema support, CREATE/DROP SCHEMA (Tom)

  • Create schema for temporary tables (Tom)

  • Add variable search_path for schema search (Tom)

  • Add ALTER TABLE SET/DROP NOT NULL (Christopher)

  • New CREATE FUNCTION volatility levels (Tom)

  • Make rule names unique only per table (Tom)

  • Add 'ON tablename' clause to DROP RULE and COMMENT ON RULE (Tom)

  • Add ALTER TRIGGER RENAME (Joe)

  • New current_schema() and current_schemas() inquiry functions (Tom)

  • Allow functions to return multiple rows (table functions) (Joe)

  • Make WITH optional in CREATE DATABASE, for consistency (Bruce)

  • Add object dependency tracking (Rod, Tom)

  • Add RESTRICT/CASCADE to DROP commands (Rod)

  • Add ALTER TABLE DROP for non-CHECK CONSTRAINT (Rod)

  • Autodestroy sequence on DROP of table with SERIAL (Rod)

  • Prevent column dropping if column is used by foreign key (Rod)

  • Automatically drop constraints/functions when object is dropped (Rod)

  • Add CREATE/DROP OPERATOR CLASS (Bill Studenmund, Tom)

  • Add ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (Christopher, Tom, Hiroshi)

  • Prevent inherited columns from being removed or renamed (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Fix foreign key constraints to not error on intermediate database states (Stephan)

  • Propagate column or table renaming to foreign key constraints

  • Add CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW (Gavin, Neil, Tom)

  • Add CREATE OR REPLACE RULE (Gavin, Neil, Tom)

  • Have rules execute alphabetically, returning more predictable values (Tom)

  • Triggers are now fired in alphabetical order (Tom)

  • Add /contrib/adddepend to handle pre-7.3 object dependencies (Rod)

  • Allow better casting when inserting/updating values (Tom)

E.156.3.7. Utility Commands

  • Have COPY TO output embedded carriage returns and newlines as \r and \n (Tom)

  • Allow DELIMITER in COPY FROM to be 8-bit clean (Tatsuo)

  • Make pg_dump use ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, for performance (Neil)

  • Disable brackets in multistatement rules (Bruce)

  • Disable VACUUM from being called inside a function (Bruce)

  • Allow dropdb and other scripts to use identifiers with spaces (Bruce)

  • Restrict database comment changes to the current database

  • Allow comments on operators, independent of the underlying function (Rod)

  • Rollback SET commands in aborted transactions (Tom)

  • EXPLAIN now outputs as a query (Tom)

  • Display condition expressions and sort keys in EXPLAIN (Tom)

  • Add 'SET LOCAL var = value' to set configuration variables for a single transaction (Tom)

  • Allow ANALYZE to run in a transaction (Bruce)

  • Improve COPY syntax using new WITH clauses, keep backward compatibility (Bruce)

  • Fix pg_dump to consistently output tags in non-ASCII dumps (Bruce)

  • Make foreign key constraints clearer in dump file (Rod)

  • Add COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT (Rod)

  • Allow COPY TO/FROM to specify column names (Brent Verner)

  • Dump UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints as ALTER TABLE (Rod)

  • Have SHOW output a query result (Joe)

  • Generate failure on short COPY lines rather than pad NULLs (Neil)

  • Fix CLUSTER to preserve all table attributes (Alvaro Herrera)

  • New pg_settings table to view/modify GUC settings (Joe)

  • Add smart quoting, portability improvements to pg_dump output (Peter)

  • Dump serial columns out as SERIAL (Tom)

  • Enable large file support, >2G for pg_dump (Peter, Philip Warner, Bruce)

  • Disallow TRUNCATE on tables that are involved in referential constraints (Rod)

  • Have TRUNCATE also auto-truncate the toast table of the relation (Tom)

  • Add clusterdb utility that will auto-cluster an entire database based on previous CLUSTER operations (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Overhaul pg_dumpall (Peter)

  • Allow REINDEX of TOAST tables (Tom)

  • Implemented START TRANSACTION, per SQL99 (Neil)

  • Fix rare index corruption when a page split affects bulk delete (Tom)

  • Fix ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN for inheritance (Alvaro Herrera)

E.156.3.8. Data Types and Functions

  • Fix factorial(0) to return 1 (Bruce)

  • Date/time/timezone improvements (Thomas)

  • Fix for array slice extraction (Tom)

  • Fix extract/date_part to report proper microseconds for timestamp (Tatsuo)

  • Allow text_substr() and bytea_substr() to read TOAST values more efficiently (John Gray)

  • Add domain support (Rod)

  • Make WITHOUT TIME ZONE the default for TIMESTAMP and TIME data types (Thomas)

  • Allow alternate storage scheme of 64-bit integers for date/time types using --enable-integer-datetimes in configure (Thomas)

  • Make timezone(timestamptz) return timestamp rather than a string (Thomas)

  • Allow fractional seconds in date/time types for dates prior to 1BC (Thomas)

  • Limit timestamp data types to 6 decimal places of precision (Thomas)

  • Change timezone conversion functions from timetz() to timezone() (Thomas)

  • Add configuration variables datestyle and timezone (Tom)

  • Add OVERLAY(), which allows substitution of a substring in a string (Thomas)

  • Add SIMILAR TO (Thomas, Tom)

  • Add regular expression SUBSTRING(string FROM pat FOR escape) (Thomas)

  • Add LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP functions (Thomas)

  • Add named composite types using CREATE TYPE typename AS (column) (Joe)

  • Allow composite type definition in the table alias clause (Joe)

  • Add new API to simplify creation of C language table functions (Joe)

  • Remove ODBC-compatible empty parentheses from calls to SQL99 functions for which these parentheses do not match the standard (Thomas)

  • Allow macaddr data type to accept 12 hex digits with no separators (Mike Wyer)

  • Add CREATE/DROP CAST (Peter)

  • Add IS DISTINCT FROM operator (Thomas)

  • Add SQL99 TREAT() function, synonym for CAST() (Thomas)

  • Add pg_backend_pid() to output backend pid (Bruce)

  • Add IS OF / IS NOT OF type predicate (Thomas)

  • Allow bit string constants without fully-specified length (Thomas)

  • Allow conversion between 8-byte integers and bit strings (Thomas)

  • Implement hex literal conversion to bit string literal (Thomas)

  • Allow table functions to appear in the FROM clause (Joe)

  • Increase maximum number of function parameters to 32 (Bruce)

  • No longer automatically create index for SERIAL column (Tom)

  • Add current_database() (Rod)

  • Fix cash_words() to not overflow buffer (Tom)

  • Add functions replace(), split_part(), to_hex() (Joe)

  • Fix LIKE for bytea as a right-hand argument (Joe)

  • Prevent crashes caused by SELECT cash_out(2) (Tom)

  • Fix to_char(1,'FM999.99') to return a period (Karel)

  • Fix trigger/type/language functions returning OPAQUE to return proper type (Tom)

E.156.3.9. Internationalization

  • Add additional encodings: Korean (JOHAB), Thai (WIN874), Vietnamese (TCVN), Arabic (WIN1256), Simplified Chinese (GBK), Korean (UHC) (Eiji Tokuya)

  • Enable locale support by default (Peter)

  • Add locale variables (Peter)

  • Escape byes >= 0x7f for multibyte in PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea (Tatsuo)

  • Add locale awareness to regular expression character classes

  • Enable multibyte support by default (Tatsuo)

  • Add GB18030 multibyte support (Bill Huang)

  • Add CREATE/DROP CONVERSION, allowing loadable encodings (Tatsuo, Kaori)

  • Add pg_conversion table (Tatsuo)

  • Add SQL99 CONVERT() function (Tatsuo)

  • pg_dumpall, pg_controldata, and pg_resetxlog now national-language aware (Peter)

  • New and updated translations

E.156.3.10. Server-side Languages

  • Allow recursive SQL function (Peter)

  • Change PL/Tcl build to use configured compiler and Makefile.shlib (Peter)

  • Overhaul the PL/pgSQL FOUND variable to be more Oracle-compatible (Neil, Tom)

  • Allow PL/pgSQL to handle quoted identifiers (Tom)

  • Allow set-returning PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)

  • Make PL/pgSQL schema-aware (Joe)

  • Remove some memory leaks (Nigel J. Andrews, Tom)

E.156.3.11. psql

  • Don't lowercase psql \connect database name for 7.2.0 compatibility (Tom)

  • Add psql \timing to time user queries (Greg Sabino Mullane)

  • Have psql \d show index information (Greg Sabino Mullane)

  • New psql \dD shows domains (Jonathan Eisler)

  • Allow psql to show rules on views (Paul ?)

  • Fix for psql variable substitution (Tom)

  • Allow psql \d to show temporary table structure (Tom)

  • Allow psql \d to show foreign keys (Rod)

  • Fix \? to honor \pset pager (Bruce)

  • Have psql reports its version number on startup (Tom)

  • Allow \copy to specify column names (Tom)

E.156.3.12. libpq

  • Add ~/.pgpass to store host/user password combinations (Alvaro Herrera)

  • Add PQunescapeBytea() function to libpq (Patrick Welche)

  • Fix for sending large queries over non-blocking connections (Bernhard Herzog)

  • Fix for libpq using timers on Win9X (David Ford)

  • Allow libpq notify to handle servers with different-length identifiers (Tom)

  • Add libpq PQescapeString() and PQescapeBytea() to Windows (Bruce)

  • Fix for SSL with non-blocking connections (Jack Bates)

  • Add libpq connection timeout parameter (Denis A Ustimenko)

E.156.3.13. JDBC

  • Allow JDBC to compile with JDK 1.4 (Dave)

  • Add JDBC 3 support (Barry)

  • Allows JDBC to set loglevel by adding ?loglevel=X to the connection URL (Barry)

  • Add Driver.info() message that prints out the version number (Barry)

  • Add updateable result sets (Raghu Nidagal, Dave)

  • Add support for callable statements (Paul Bethe)

  • Add query cancel capability

  • Add refresh row (Dave)

  • Fix MD5 encryption handling for multibyte servers (Jun Kawai)

  • Add support for prepared statements (Barry)

E.156.3.14. Miscellaneous Interfaces

  • Fixed ECPG bug concerning octal numbers in single quotes (Michael)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Improve Python interface (Elliot Lee, Andrew Johnson, Greg Copeland)

  • Add libpgtcl connection close event (Gerhard Hintermayer)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpq++ to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Move src/interfaces/odbc to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc)

  • Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Move src/interfaces/perl5 to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)

  • Remove src/bin/pgaccess from main tree, now at http://www.pgaccess.org (Bruce)

  • Add pg_on_connection_loss command to libpgtcl (Gerhard Hintermayer, Tom)

E.156.3.15. Source Code

  • Fix for parallel make (Peter)

  • AIX fixes for linking Tcl (Andreas Zeugswetter)

  • Allow PL/Perl to build under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)

  • Improve MIPS compiles (Peter, Oliver Elphick)

  • Require Autoconf version 2.53 (Peter)

  • Require readline and zlib by default in configure (Peter)

  • Allow Solaris to use Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), for performance (Scott Brunza, P.J. Josh Rovero)

  • Always enable syslog in compile, remove --enable-syslog option (Tatsuo)

  • Always enable multibyte in compile, remove --enable-multibyte option (Tatsuo)

  • Always enable locale in compile, remove --enable-locale option (Peter)

  • Fix for Win9x DLL creation (Magnus Naeslund)

  • Fix for link() usage by WAL code on Windows, BeOS (Jason Tishler)

  • Add sys/types.h to c.h, remove from main files (Peter, Bruce)

  • Fix AIX hang on SMP machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)

  • AIX SMP hang fix (Tomoyuki Niijima)

  • Fix pre-1970 date handling on newer glibc libraries (Tom)

  • Fix PowerPC SMP locking (Tom)

  • Prevent gcc -ffast-math from being used (Peter, Tom)

  • Bison >= 1.50 now required for developer builds

  • Kerberos 5 support now builds with Heimdal (Peter)

  • Add appendix in the User's Guide which lists SQL features (Thomas)

  • Improve loadable module linking to use RTLD_NOW (Tom)

  • New error levels WARNING, INFO, LOG, DEBUG[1-5] (Bruce)

  • New src/port directory holds replaced libc functions (Peter, Bruce)

  • New pg_namespace system catalog for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_class.relnamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_type.typnamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Add pg_proc.pronamespace for schemas (Tom)

  • Restructure aggregates to have pg_proc entries (Tom)

  • System relations now have their own namespace, pg_* test not required (Fernando Nasser)

  • Rename TOAST index names to be *_index rather than *_idx (Neil)

  • Add namespaces for operators, opclasses (Tom)

  • Add additional checks to server control file (Thomas)

  • New Polish FAQ (Marcin Mazurek)

  • Add Posix semaphore support (Tom)

  • Document need for reindex (Bruce)

  • Rename some internal identifiers to simplify Windows compile (Jan, Katherine Ward)

  • Add documentation on computing disk space (Bruce)

  • Remove KSQO from GUC (Bruce)

  • Fix memory leak in rtree (Kenneth Been)

  • Modify a few error messages for consistency (Bruce)

  • Remove unused system table columns (Peter)

  • Make system columns NOT NULL where appropriate (Tom)

  • Clean up use of sprintf in favor of snprintf() (Neil, Jukka Holappa)

  • Remove OPAQUE and create specific subtypes (Tom)

  • Cleanups in array internal handling (Joe, Tom)

  • Disallow pg_atoi('') (Bruce)

  • Remove parameter wal_files because WAL files are now recycled (Bruce)

  • Add version numbers to heap pages (Tom)

E.156.3.16. Contrib

  • Allow inet arrays in /contrib/array (Neil)

  • GiST fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Neil)

  • Upgrade /contrib/mysql

  • Add /contrib/dbsize which shows table sizes without vacuum (Peter)

  • Add /contrib/intagg, integer aggregator routines (mlw)

  • Improve /contrib/oid2name (Neil, Bruce)

  • Improve /contrib/tsearch (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)

  • Cleanups of /contrib/rserver (Alexey V. Borzov)

  • Update /contrib/oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)

  • Update /contrib/dblink (Joe)

  • Improve options supported by /contrib/vacuumlo (Mario Weilguni)

  • Improvements to /contrib/intarray (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev, Andrey Oktyabrski)

  • Add /contrib/reindexdb utility (Shaun Thomas)

  • Add indexing to /contrib/isbn_issn (Dan Weston)

  • Add /contrib/dbmirror (Steven Singer)

  • Improve /contrib/pgbench (Neil)

  • Add /contrib/tablefunc table function examples (Joe)

  • Add /contrib/ltree data type for tree structures (Teodor Sigaev, Oleg Bartunov)

  • Move /contrib/pg_controldata, pg_resetxlog into main tree (Bruce)

  • Fixes to /contrib/cube (Bruno Wolff)

  • Improve /contrib/fulltextindex (Christopher)

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