search
HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorialpython中的函数用法入门教程

本文较为详细的讲述了Python程序设计中函数的用法,对于Python程序设计的学习有不错的借鉴价值。具体分析如下:

一、函数的定义:

Python中使用def关键字定义函数,函数包括函数名称和参数,不需要定义返回类型,Python能返回任何类型:

#没有返回值的函数,其实返回的是None 
def run(name): 
    print name,'runing' #函数体语句从下一行开始,并且第一行必须是缩进的 
 
>>>run('xiaoming') 
xiaoming runing 
 
>>>print run('xiaoming') 
xiaoming runing 
None #如果没有ruturn语句,函数返回的是None 
 
#有返回值的参数 
def run(name): 
    return name+'runing' 
>>>r = run('xiaoming') 
>>>r 
xiaoming runing 

二、 文档字符串:

在Python中注释是用#来表示的,暂时没有发现多行注释的写法。不过在函数内部可以使用多行字符串来写:

def run(name): 
    """ print somebody runing"""#写在函数体的第一行才叫文档字符串 
    print name,'runing'  

可以使用__doc__查看函数的文档字符串内容

>>>run.__doc__ 
print somebody runing 

三、参数:

Python的函数的参数列表可以是任意多个,调用函数的时候,采取位置绑定和关键字绑定两种方式,确认传入的变量对应的参数!

上面演示的代码,都可以看作是位置绑定 。

下面看一下关键字绑定 :

def run(name,age,sex): 
    print 'name :',name,'age:',age,'sex:',sex 
>>> run(age=23,name='xiaoming',sex='boy')#关键字绑定 
name:xiaoming age:23 sex:boy 

某个参数不能在一次调用中同时使用位置和关键字绑定

def run(name,age,sex): 
    print 'name :',name,'age:',age,'sex:',sex 
>>> run('xiaoming',name='xiaoming',sex='boy') 
SyntaxError: non-keyword arg after keyword arg 

 函数调用的时候,如果第一个参数使用了关键字绑定,后面的参数也必须使用关键字绑定!

默认参数 :

def run(name,age=20,sex='girl'): 
    print name,age,sex 
>>>run('nana') 
nana 20 girl 
>>>run('nana',23) 
nana 23 girl 
>>>run('gg','boy')#使用的位置绑定,所以,python为将'boy'绑定在age上,而不是我们想要的sex上 
gg boy girl 
 
>>>run('gg',sex='boy')#混合关键字绑定,可以实现想要的效果 
gg 20 boy 

1、 如果一个函数的参数中含有默认参数,则这个默认参数后的所有参数都必须是默认参数,否则会抛出:SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument的异常。

def run(name,age=10,sex): 
    print name ,age ,sex 
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument gg 23 boy 

几个异常

def run(name,age,sex='boy'): 
    print name,age,sex 

>>>run()#required argument missing 
>>>run(name='gg',23)#non-keyword argument following keyword 
>>>run('gg',name='pp')#duplicate value for argument 
>>>run(actor='xxxx')#unknown keyword 

#第一种情况是丢失参数 
#第二种情况是:如果第一个使用了keyword绑定,后面的都必须使用keyword绑定 
#第三种情况:在一次调用中不能同时使用位置和keyword绑定 
#第四种情况:不能使用参数列表外的关键字  

2、默认参数在函数定义段被解析,且只解析一次 。

>>>i = 5 
>>>def f(arg=i): 
>>>  print arg 
>>>i = 6 
>>>f() 
5 #结果是5 

当默认值是一个可变对象,诸如链表、字典或大部分类实例时,会产生一些差异:

>>> def f(a, L=[]): 
>>>  L.append(a) 
>>>  return L 
 
>>> print f(1) 
>>> print f(2) 
>>> print f(3) 
[1] 
[1, 2] 
[1, 2, 3] 
 
#可以用另外一种方式实现: 
>>> def f(a, L=None): 
>>>  if L is None: 
>>>    L = [] 
>>>  L.append(a) 
>>>  return L 

可变参数

参数被包装进一个元组。在这些可变个数的参数之前,可以有零到多个普通的参数:

def run(name,*args): 
    print name,'runing' 
    for a in args : print a 
 
>>> run('gg','mm') 
gg runing 
mm 
>>> run('gg',1,2,'mm') 
gg runing 
1 
2 
mm 
>>> run('gg',1,1.02,['mm','gm']) 
gg runing 
1 
1.02 
['mm','gm'] 

可见可变参数可以是任意多个,而且是任意类型(并且能混合使用)

关键字绑定的可变参数 (**args这种形式,看原文档,不甚理解,暂且这样叫)

def run(name,**args): 
    keys = args.keys() 
    for k in keys : 
       print k,args[k] 
 
>>> run('nana',type='open') 
type open 
>>> run('nana',type='open',title='gogo') 
type open 
title gogo 

#*arg 必须在**args的前面 
def run(name,*arg,**args): 
    for a in arg :print a 
    keys = args.keys() 
    for k in keys : 
       print k,args[k] 
>>> run('nn','mm',1,2,'oo',type='open',title='gogo') 
mm 
1 
2 
oo 
type open 
title gogo 

参数列的分拆

>>> range(3, 6)       # normal call with separate arguments 
[3, 4, 5] 
>>> args = [3, 6] 
>>> range(*args)      # call with arguments unpacked from a list 
[3, 4, 5] 

通过 lambda 关键字,可以创建短小的匿名函数

>>> def make_incrementor(n): 
...   return lambda x: x + n #相当于创建了一个一x为参数的匿名函数? 
... 
>>> f = make_incrementor(42)#f = make_incrementor(n=42),设置n的值 
>>> f(0)#其实调用的是匿名函数? 
42 
>>> f(1) 
43 
 
#看下面一个例子报的错误就可以明白一点了 
>>>def t(n): 
...     print x*n 
>>>m = t(2) 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
 File "<pyshell#85>", line 1, in <module> 
  m = t(2) 
 File "<pyshell#84>", line 2, in t 
  print x*n 
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined 

说是没有定义全局name 'x'  

>>> x =10 
>>> def t(n): 
...    print x*n 
>>> m = t(2) 
20 

希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Python and Time: Making the Most of Your Study TimePython and Time: Making the Most of Your Study TimeApr 14, 2025 am 12:02 AM

To maximize the efficiency of learning Python in a limited time, you can use Python's datetime, time, and schedule modules. 1. The datetime module is used to record and plan learning time. 2. The time module helps to set study and rest time. 3. The schedule module automatically arranges weekly learning tasks.

Python: Games, GUIs, and MorePython: Games, GUIs, and MoreApr 13, 2025 am 12:14 AM

Python excels in gaming and GUI development. 1) Game development uses Pygame, providing drawing, audio and other functions, which are suitable for creating 2D games. 2) GUI development can choose Tkinter or PyQt. Tkinter is simple and easy to use, PyQt has rich functions and is suitable for professional development.

Python vs. C  : Applications and Use Cases ComparedPython vs. C : Applications and Use Cases ComparedApr 12, 2025 am 12:01 AM

Python is suitable for data science, web development and automation tasks, while C is suitable for system programming, game development and embedded systems. Python is known for its simplicity and powerful ecosystem, while C is known for its high performance and underlying control capabilities.

The 2-Hour Python Plan: A Realistic ApproachThe 2-Hour Python Plan: A Realistic ApproachApr 11, 2025 am 12:04 AM

You can learn basic programming concepts and skills of Python within 2 hours. 1. Learn variables and data types, 2. Master control flow (conditional statements and loops), 3. Understand the definition and use of functions, 4. Quickly get started with Python programming through simple examples and code snippets.

Python: Exploring Its Primary ApplicationsPython: Exploring Its Primary ApplicationsApr 10, 2025 am 09:41 AM

Python is widely used in the fields of web development, data science, machine learning, automation and scripting. 1) In web development, Django and Flask frameworks simplify the development process. 2) In the fields of data science and machine learning, NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn and TensorFlow libraries provide strong support. 3) In terms of automation and scripting, Python is suitable for tasks such as automated testing and system management.

How Much Python Can You Learn in 2 Hours?How Much Python Can You Learn in 2 Hours?Apr 09, 2025 pm 04:33 PM

You can learn the basics of Python within two hours. 1. Learn variables and data types, 2. Master control structures such as if statements and loops, 3. Understand the definition and use of functions. These will help you start writing simple Python programs.

How to teach computer novice programming basics in project and problem-driven methods within 10 hours?How to teach computer novice programming basics in project and problem-driven methods within 10 hours?Apr 02, 2025 am 07:18 AM

How to teach computer novice programming basics within 10 hours? If you only have 10 hours to teach computer novice some programming knowledge, what would you choose to teach...

How to avoid being detected by the browser when using Fiddler Everywhere for man-in-the-middle reading?How to avoid being detected by the browser when using Fiddler Everywhere for man-in-the-middle reading?Apr 02, 2025 am 07:15 AM

How to avoid being detected when using FiddlerEverywhere for man-in-the-middle readings When you use FiddlerEverywhere...

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Safe Exam Browser

Safe Exam Browser

Safe Exam Browser is a secure browser environment for taking online exams securely. This software turns any computer into a secure workstation. It controls access to any utility and prevents students from using unauthorized resources.

MantisBT

MantisBT

Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

SecLists

SecLists

SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

Powerful PHP integrated development environment