search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial保障网站数据库的安全MySQL数据库备份_MySQL


  在数据库表丢失或损坏的情况下,备份你的数据库是很重要的。如果发生系统崩溃,你肯定想能够将你的表尽可能丢失最少的数据恢复到崩溃发生时的状态。有时,正是MySQL管理员造成破坏。管理员已经知道表以破坏,用诸如vi或Emacs等编辑器试图直接编辑它们,这对表绝对不是件好事!
  
  备份数据库两个主要方法是用mysqldump程序或直接拷贝数据库文件(如用cp、cpio或tar等)。每种方法都有其优缺点:
  
  mysqldump与MySQL服务器协同操作。直接拷贝方法在服务器外部进行,并且你必须采取措施保证没有客户正在修改你将拷贝的表。如果你想用文件系统备份来备份数据库,也会发生同样的问题:如果数据库表在文件系统备份过程中被修改,进入备份的表文件主语不一致的状态,而对以后的恢复表将失去意义。文件系统备份与直接拷贝文件的区别是对后者你完全控制了备份过程,这样你能采取措施确保服务器让表不受干扰。
  
  mysqldump比直接拷贝要慢些
  mysqldump生成能够移植到其它机器的文本文件,甚至那些有不同硬件结构的机器上。直接拷贝文件不能移植到其它机器上,除非你正在拷贝的表使用MyISAM存储格式。ISAM表只能在相似的硬件结构的机器上拷贝。在MySQL 3.23中引入的MyISAM表存储格式解决了该问题,因为该格式是机器无关的,所以直接拷贝文件可以移植到具有不同硬件结构的机器上。只要满足两个条件:另一台机器必须也运行MySQL 3.23或以后版本,而且文件必须以MyISAM格式表示,而不是ISAM格式。
  不管你使用哪种备份方法,如果你需要恢复数据库,有几个原则应该遵守,以确保最好的结果:
  
  定期实施备份。建立一个计划并严格遵守
  让服务器执行更新日志。当你在崩溃后需要恢复数据时,更新日志将帮助你。在你用备份文件恢复数据到备份时的状态后,你可以通过运行更新日志中的查询再次运用备份后面的修改,这将数据库中的表恢复到崩溃发生时的状态。
  以文件系统备份的术语讲,数据库备份文件代表完全倾倒(full dump),而更新日志代表渐进倾倒(incremental dump)。
  
  使用一种统一的和易理解的备份文件命名机制。象backup1、buckup2等不是特别有意义。当实施你的恢复时,你将浪费时间找出文件里是什么东西。你可能发觉用数据库名和日期构成备份文件名会很有用。例如:
  %mysqldump samp_db >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02
  
  %mysqldump menagerie >/usr/archives/mysql/menagerie.1999-10-02
  
  你可能想在生成备份后压缩它们。备份一般都很大!你也需要让你的备份文件有过期期限以避免它们填满你的磁盘,就象你让你的日志文件过期那样。
  
  用文件系统备份备份你的备份文件。如果遇上了一个彻底崩溃,不仅清除了你的数据目录,也清除了包含你的数据库备份的磁盘驱动器,你将真正遇上了麻烦。也要备份你的更新日志。
  将你的备份文件放在不同于用于你的数据库的文件系统上。这将降低由于生成备份而填满包含数据目录的文件系统的可能性。
  
  用于创建备份的技术同样对拷贝数据库到另一台机器有用。最常见地,一个数据库被转移到了运行在另一台主机上的服务器,但是你也可以将数据转移到同一台主机上的另一个服务器。
  
  1 使用mysqldump备份和拷贝数据库
  当你使用mysqldumo程序产生数据库备份文件时,缺省地,文件内容包含创建正在倾倒的表的CREATE语句和包含表中行数据的INSERT语句。换句话说,mysqldump产生的输出可在以后用作mysql的输入来重建数据库。
  
  你可以将整个数据库倾倒进一个单独的文本文件中,如下:
  
  %mysqldump samp_db >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02
  
  输出文件的开头看起来象这样:
  
  # MySQL Dump 6.0
  #
  # Host: localhost Database: samp_db
  #---------------------------------------
  # Server version 3.23.2-alpha-log
  #
  # Table structure for table 'absence'
  #
  CREATE TABLE absence(
  student_id int(10) unsigned DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
  date date DEFAULT '0000-00-00' NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (student_id,date)
  );
  #
  # Dumping data for table 'absence'
  #
  INSERT INTO absence VALUES (3,'1999-09-03');
  INSERT INTO absence VALUES (5,'1999-09-03');
  INSERT INTO absence VALUES (10,'1999-09-08');
  ......
  文件剩下的部分有更多的INSERT和CREATE TABLE语句组成。
  
  如果你想压缩备份,使用类似如下的命令:
  
  %mysqldump samp_db | gzip >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02.gz
  
  如果你要一个庞大的数据库,输出文件也将很庞大,可能难于管理。如果你愿意,你可以在mysqldump命令行的数据库名后列出单独的表名来倾到它们的内容,这将倾倒文件分成较小、更易于管理的文件。下例显示如何将samp_db数据库的一些表倾到进分开的文件中:
  
  %mysqldump samp_db student score event absence >grapbook.sql
  %mysqldump samp_db member president >hist-league.sql
  
  如果你生成准备用于定期刷新另一个数据库内容的备份文件,你可能想用--add-drop-table选项。这告诉服务器将DROP TABLE IF EXISTS语句写入备份文件,然后,当你取出备份文件并把它装载进第二个数据库时,如果表已经存在,你不会得到一个错误。
  
  如果你倒出一个数据库以便能把数据库转移到另一个服务器,你甚至不必创建备份文件。要保证数据库存在于另一台主机,然后用管道倾倒数据库,这样mysql能直接读取mysqldump的输出。例如:你想从主机pit-viper.snake.net拷贝数据库samp_db到boa.snake.net,可以这样很容易做到:
  
  %mysqladmin -h boa.snake.net create samp_db
  %mysqldump samp_db | mysql -h boa.snake.net samp_db
  
  以后,如果你想再次刷新boa.snake.net上的数据库,跳过mysqladmin命令,但要对mysqldump加上--add-drop-table以避免的得到表已存在的错误:
  
  %mysqldump --add-drop-table samp_db | mysql -h boa.snake.net samp_db
  
  mysqldump其它有用的选项包括:
  --flush-logs和--lock-tables组合将对你的数据库检查点有帮助。--lock-tables锁定你正在倾倒的所有表,而--flush-logs关闭并重新打开更新日志文件,新的更新日志将只包括从备份点起的修改数据库的查询。这将设置你的更新日志检查点位备份时间。(然而如果你有需要执行个更新的客户,锁定所有表对备份期间的客户访问不是件好事。)
  如果你使用--flush-logs设置检查点到备份时,有可能最好是倾倒整个数据库。如果你倾倒单独的文件,较难将更新日志检查点与备份文件同步。在恢复期间,你通常按数据库为基础提取更新日志内容,对单个表没有提取更新的选择,所以你必须自己提取它们。
  
  缺省地,mysqldump在写入前将一个表的整个内容读进内存。这通常确实不必要,并且实际上如果你有一个大表,几乎是失败的。你可用--quick选项告诉mysqldump只要它检索出一行就写出每一行。为了进一步优化倾倒过程,使用--opt而不是--quick。--opt选项打开其它选项,加速数据的倾倒和把它们读回。
  用--opt实施备份可能是最常用的方法,因为备份速度上的优势。然而,要警告你,--opt选项确实有代价,--opt优化的是你的备份过程,不是其他客户对数据库的访问。--opt选项通过一次锁定所有表阻止任何人更新你正在倾倒的任何表。你可在一般数据库访问上很容易看到其效果。当你的数据库一般非常频繁地使用,只是一天一次地调节备份。
  
  一个具有--opt的相反效果的选项是--dedayed。该选项使得mysqldump写出INSERT DELAYED语句而不是INSERT语句。如果你将数据文件装入另一个数据库并且你想是这个操作对可能出现在该数据库中的查询的影响最小,--delayed对此很有帮助。
  --compress选项在你拷贝数据库到另一台机器上时很有帮助,因为它减少网络传输字节的数量。下面有一个例子,注意到--compress对与远端主机上的服务器通信的程序才给出,而不是对与本地主机连接的程序:
  %mysqldump --opt samp_db | mysql --compress -h boa.snake.net samp_db
  mysqldump有很多选项,详见《MySQL参考手册》
  
  2 使用直接拷贝数据库的备份和拷贝方法
  另一种不涉及mysqldump备份数据库和表的方式是直接拷贝数据库表文件。典型地,这用诸如cp、tar或cpio实用程序。本文的例子使用cp。
  
  当你使用一种直接备份方法时,你必须保证表不在被使用。如果服务器在你则正在拷贝一个表时改变它,拷贝就失去意义。
  
  保证你的拷贝完整性的最好方法是关闭服务器,拷贝文件,然后重启服务器。如果你不想关闭服务器,要在执行表检查的同时锁定服务器。如果服务器在运行,相同的制约也适用于拷贝文件,而且你应该使用相同的锁定协议让服务器“安静下来”。
  
  假设服务器关闭或你已经锁定了你想拷贝的表,下列显示如何将整个samp_db数据库备份到一个备份目录(DATADIR表示服务器的数据目录):
  
  %cd DATADIR
  %cp -r samp_db /usr/archive/mysql
  单个表可以如下备份:
  
  %cd DATADIR/samp_db
  %cp member.* /usr/archive/mysql/samp_db
  %cp score.* /usr/archive/mysql/samp_db
  ....
  
  当你完成了备份时,你可以重启服务器(如果关闭了它)或释放加在表上的锁定(如果你让
Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?Apr 14, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

MySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersMySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersApr 14, 2025 am 12:16 AM

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

Real-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesReal-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesApr 14, 2025 am 12:15 AM

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.

SQL Commands in MySQL: Practical ExamplesSQL Commands in MySQL: Practical ExamplesApr 14, 2025 am 12:09 AM

SQL commands in MySQL can be divided into categories such as DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, etc., and are used to create, modify, delete databases and tables, insert, update, delete data, and perform complex query operations. 1. Basic usage includes CREATETABLE creation table, INSERTINTO insert data, and SELECT query data. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN for table joins, subqueries and GROUPBY for data aggregation. 3. Common errors such as syntax errors, data type mismatch and permission problems can be debugged through syntax checking, data type conversion and permission management. 4. Performance optimization suggestions include using indexes, avoiding full table scanning, optimizing JOIN operations and using transactions to ensure data consistency.

How does InnoDB handle ACID compliance?How does InnoDB handle ACID compliance?Apr 14, 2025 am 12:03 AM

InnoDB achieves atomicity through undolog, consistency and isolation through locking mechanism and MVCC, and persistence through redolog. 1) Atomicity: Use undolog to record the original data to ensure that the transaction can be rolled back. 2) Consistency: Ensure the data consistency through row-level locking and MVCC. 3) Isolation: Supports multiple isolation levels, and REPEATABLEREAD is used by default. 4) Persistence: Use redolog to record modifications to ensure that data is saved for a long time.

MySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingMySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingApr 13, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL's position in databases and programming is very important. It is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in various application scenarios. 1) MySQL provides efficient data storage, organization and retrieval functions, supporting Web, mobile and enterprise-level systems. 2) It uses a client-server architecture, supports multiple storage engines and index optimization. 3) Basic usages include creating tables and inserting data, and advanced usages involve multi-table JOINs and complex queries. 4) Frequently asked questions such as SQL syntax errors and performance issues can be debugged through the EXPLAIN command and slow query log. 5) Performance optimization methods include rational use of indexes, optimized query and use of caches. Best practices include using transactions and PreparedStatemen

MySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesMySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesApr 13, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is suitable for small and large enterprises. 1) Small businesses can use MySQL for basic data management, such as storing customer information. 2) Large enterprises can use MySQL to process massive data and complex business logic to optimize query performance and transaction processing.

What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?Apr 13, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB effectively prevents phantom reading through Next-KeyLocking mechanism. 1) Next-KeyLocking combines row lock and gap lock to lock records and their gaps to prevent new records from being inserted. 2) In practical applications, by optimizing query and adjusting isolation levels, lock competition can be reduced and concurrency performance can be improved.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Safe Exam Browser

Safe Exam Browser

Safe Exam Browser is a secure browser environment for taking online exams securely. This software turns any computer into a secure workstation. It controls access to any utility and prevents students from using unauthorized resources.

MantisBT

MantisBT

Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

SecLists

SecLists

SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

Powerful PHP integrated development environment