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第十三天3月7日之MySQL基础_MySQL

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一、SQL

SQL:Structured Query Language的缩写

结构化查询语言

SQL工业标准:由ANSI(ISO(国际标准委员会international standard orgnation)核心成员)

按照工业标准编写的SQL能运行在任何数据库上。

方言:只能运行在特定数据库上的SQL语句叫做方言。

工业标准和方言:普通话和浙江话。

二、SQL语言的组成:

DDL:数据定义语言 Data Definition Language

DML:数据操作语言 Data Manipulation Language

DQL:数据查询语言 Data Query Language

TPL:事务处理语言 Transaction Process Language

DCL:数据控制语言

CCL:指针控制语言

三、基本知识

Java定义的类---------------表的结构

Java对象-------------------表中的记录

MySQL:非windows环境下是严格区分大小写的。

约定:关键字都采用小写。多个单词组成用_分割。

四、DDL

作用:定义数据库和表结构等的语句。

关键字:create alter drop truncate(摧毁)

练习:

1、DDL之数据库操作

创建一个名称为mydb1的数据库。

mysql>create database MYDB1;

查看有哪些数据库

mysql>show databases;

查看创建数据库的具体细节

mysql>show create database MYDB1;

创建一个使用gbk字符集的mydb2数据库。

mysql>create database MYDB2 characterset gbk;

创建一个使用gbk字符集,并带校对规则的mydb3数据库。

mysql>create database MYDB3 characterset gbk collate gbk_chinese_ci;

删除前面创建的mydb3数据库

mysql>drop database MYDB3;

查看服务器中的数据库,并把mydb2的字符集修改为utf8;

mysql>alter database MYDB2 character setutf8;

2、DDL之表结构

选择一个库

mysql>use MYDB1;

创建一个员工表

mysql>create table EMPLOYEE(

IDint,

NAMEvarchar(200),

GENDERvarchar(200),

BIRTHDAYdate,

ENTRY_DATEdate,

JOBvarchar(200),

SALARYfloat(8,2),

RESUMEtext

);

显示当前库中的所有表

mysql>show tables;

查看表的结构

mysql>desc EMPLOYEE;

查看表的创建细节

mysql>show create table EMPLOYEE;

在上面员工表的基本上增加一个image列。

mysql>alter table EMPLOYEE add IMAGEblob;

修改job列,使其长度为60。

mysql>alter table EMPLOYEE modify JOBvarchar(60);

删除image列。

mysql>alter table EMPLOYEE drop IMAGE;

表名改为user。

mysql>rename table EMPLOYEE to USER;

修改表的字符集为utf8

mysql>alter table USER character setutf8;

列名name修改为username

mysql>alter table USER change NAMEUSERNAME varchar(100);

五、DML:Data ManipulationLanguage

用于向数据库表中插入、删除、修改数据

常用关键字:INSERT UPDATEDELETE

在MySQL中,字符串和日期时间类型,要使用单引号引起来。

特殊值:null

练习:

使用insert语句向USER表中插入三个员工的信息。

mysql>insert into USER(ID,USERNAME,GENDER,BIRTHDAY,ENTRY_DATE,JOB,SALARY,RESUME) values(1,'wangdongxue','female','1991-09-08','2014-02-17','CEO',100000,'beautygirl');

mysql>insert into USER values(2,'wangdong','male','1990-09-08','2014-02-17','CTO',100000,'strong man');

mysql>insert into USER values (3,'查显成','男性','1988-09-08','2014-02-17','UFO',100000,'帅锅');

查看表中的所有记录

mysql>select * from USER;

查看库的所有的编码:

mysql>show variables like'character_set%';

character_set_client:指示客户端使用的字符集

mysql>set character_set_client=gbk; 通知服务器,客户端使用的是GBK字符集

character_set_results:指示显示的结果集使用的字符集

mysql>setcharacter_set_results=gbk; 通知服务器,客户端接受的结果使用的字符集为gbk

将所有员工薪水修改为5000元。

mysql>update USER set SALARY=5000;

将姓名为’查显成’的员工薪水修改为3000元。

mysql>update USER set SALARY=3000 whereUSERNAME='查显成';

将姓名为’wangdong’的员工薪水修改为4000元,job改为CEO。

mysql>update USER setSALARY=4000,JOB='CEO' where USERNAME='wangdong';

将王冬雪的薪水在原有基础上增加1000元。

mysql>update USER set SALARY=SALARY+1000where USERNAME='wangdongxue';

删除表中名称为’查显成’的记录。

mysql>delete from USER where USERNAME='查显成';

删除表中所有记录。(DML语句)

mysql>delete from USER; #一条一条的删除

使用truncate删除表中记录。 (DDL语句)

mysql>truncate USER; #删除整张表,重建的表结构

六、DQL数据查询语言

查询

关键字:select

查询表中所有学生的姓名和对应的英语成绩。(投影查询)

mysql>select NAME,ENGLISH from STUDENT;

过滤表中重复数据。

mysql>select distinct ENGLISH fromSTUDENT;

在所有学生数学分数上加10分特长分。

mysql>select NAME,MATH+10 from STUDENT;

统计每个学生的总分。

mysql>select NAME,CHINESE+ENGLISH+MATHfrom STUDENT;

使用别名表示学生分数。

mysql>select NAME as姓名,CHINESE+ENGLISH+MATH总分 from STUDENT;

查询姓名为王五的学生成绩

mysql>select * from STUDENT where NAME='王五';

查询英语成绩大于90分的同学

mysql>select * from STUDENT whereENGLISH>90;

查询总分大于200分的所有同学

mysql>select * from STUDENT where(CHINESE+ENGLISH+MATH)>200;

模糊查询的pattern: _表示匹配一个字符 %匹配任意字符

查询英语分数在 80-90之间的同学。

mysql>select NAME,ENGLISH from STUDENTwhere ENGLISH between 80 and 90;

查询数学分数为89,90,91的同学。

mysql>select NAME,MATH from STUDENTwhere MATH in(89,90,91);

查询所有姓李的学生成绩。

mysql>select * from STUDENT where NAMElike '李%';

查询数学分>80,语文分>80的同学。

mysql>select * from STUDENT whereMATH>80 and CHINESE>80;

满足where条件的记录才会显示,逻辑运算的结果true。

对数学成绩排序后输出。

mysql>select NAME,MATH from STUDENTorder by MATH;

对总分排序后输出,然后再按从高到低的顺序输出

mysql>select NAME,CHINESE+MATH+ENGLISH总分 from STUDENT order by总分 desc;

注意:order是关键字。把关键字当做普通标示符对待,使用``(不是单引号,反引号)引起来

对姓李的数学学生成绩排序输出

mysql>select NAME,MATH from STUDENTwhere NAME like '李%' order by MATH desc;

分页查询

查询前3条记录

limit M,N; M开始记录的索引(从0开始),N一次要查询的条数

mysql>select * from STUDENT limit 0,3;

七、数据的完整性

数据完整性是为了保证插入到数据中的数据是正确的,它防止了用户可能的输入错误。

1、域完整性(列完整性)

指数据库表的列(即字段)必须符合某种特定的数据类型或约束

ID int(11):该字段必须是整数,长度不能超过11

NAME varchar(100) not null:不能为null

USERNAME varchar(100) unique:有的话必须唯一

2、实体完整性(记录完整性)

规定表的一行(即每一条记录)在表中是唯一的实体

主键约束:primary key

ID int primary key; ID就是主键(不能为null,而且是唯一的)

或者

ID int,

primary key(ID)

MySQL:主键可以自动增长。auto_increment(主键的值由MySQL数据来管理和维护)。oracle中没有自动增长。

create table T2(

ID int primary keyauto_increment,//auto_increment是方言,不是标准,只有MySQL中有。

NAME varchar(100)

);

3、参照完整性(引用完整性):外键 foreign key (多表情况)

一对多、多对多、一对一

remote:远程意思

collation校对意思

charset字符集意思

manipulation操作

MySQL:

时间戳:赋值了没用,不赋值就是把当前值给字段(数据库中)

clob(存放文本数据)能存的,bolb(存放二进制文件)就能存。

engine引擎:InnoDB:表示支持事务,安装时自己选择的

1.域完整性

not null 可以是空字符串,但不没能没有

unique可以为空,有的话必须唯一

2.order by后面的字段必须出现在select后面即投影字段的后面吗?不是必须的

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| ID | int(11) | YES | |NULL | |

| NAME | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| GENDER | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| BIRTHDAY | date | YES | |NULL | |

| entry_date | date | YES | | NULL | |

| job | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| salary | float(8,2) | YES | |NULL | |

| resume | text | YES | | NULL | |

| IMAGE | blob | YES | |NULL | |

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table employee modify JOBvarchar(60);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc employee;

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key |Default | Extra |

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| ID | int(11) | YES | |NULL | |

| NAME | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| GENDER | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| BIRTHDAY | date | YES | |NULL | |

| entry_date | date | YES | | NULL | |

| JOB | varchar(60) | YES | |NULL | |

| salary | float(8,2) | YES | |NULL | |

| resume | text | YES | |NULL | |

| IMAGE | blob | YES | |NULL | |

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table employee

-> drop image;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc employee;

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key |Default | Extra |

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| ID | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |

| NAME | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| GENDER | varchar(200) | YES | | NULL | |

| BIRTHDAY | date | YES | |NULL | |

| entry_date | date | YES | | NULL | |

| JOB | varchar(60) | YES | |NULL | |

| salary | float(8,2) | YES | |NULL | |

| resume | text | YES | |NULL | |

+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table employee

-> to USER;

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error inyour SQL syntax; check the manual that

corresponds to your MySQL server versionfor the right syntax to use near 'to US

ER' at line 2

mysql> rename table employee

-> to USER;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

mysql> show tables;

+-----------------+

| Tables_in_mydb1 |

+-----------------+

| user |

+-----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table user;

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----+

| Table | Create Table

|

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----+

| user | CREATE TABLE `user` (

`ID` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`NAME` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,

`GENDER` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,

`BIRTHDAY` date DEFAULT NULL,

`entry_date` date DEFAULT NULL,

`JOB` varchar(60) DEFAULT NULL,

`salary` float(8,2) DEFAULT NULL,

`resume` text

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table user character setutf8;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table user change nameusername varchar(100);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into USER values(2,'wangdong','male','1990-09-08','2014-02-17','C

TO',100000,'strong man');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> insert into USER values(1,'wangdongxue','male','1990-09-08','2014-02-17'

,'CTO',100000,'strong man');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into USER values(1,'wangdongxue','male','1990-09-08','2014-02-17'

,'CTO',100000,'strong man');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into USER values(1,'wangdongxue','male','1990-09-08','2014-02-17'

,'CTO',100000,'strong man');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from user;

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| ID | username | GENDER |BIRTHDAY | entry_date | JOB | salary | res

ume |

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| 2 | wangdong | male | 1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO | 100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male | 1990-09-08| 2014-02-17 | CTO | 100000.00 | str

ong man |

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

4 rows in set (0.06 sec)

mysql> insert into USER values (3,'查显成','男性','1988-09-08','2014-02-17','UFO

',100000,'帅锅');

ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value:'/xB2/xE9/xCF/xD4/xB3/xC9' for colum

n 'username' at row 1

mysql> show variables like'character_set%';

+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------

-----+

| Variable_name | Value

|

+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------

-----+

| character_set_client | utf8

|

| character_set_connection | utf8

|

| character_set_database | utf8

|

| character_set_filesystem | binary

|

| character_set_results | utf8

|

| character_set_server | utf8

|

| character_set_system | utf8

|

| character_sets_dir | D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server5.1/share/chars

ets/ |

+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------

-----+

8 rows in set (0.07 sec)

mysql> set character_set_client=gbk;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from user;

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| ID | username | GENDER |BIRTHDAY | entry_date | JOB | salary | res

ume |

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| 2 | wangdong | male | 1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO | 100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into USER values (3,'汤柳清','男性','1988-09-08','2014-02-17','UFO

',100000,'帅锅');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from user;

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| ID | username | GENDER |BIRTHDAY | entry_date | JOB | salary | res

ume |

+------+-------------+--------+------------+------------+------+-----------+----

--------+

| 2 | wangdong | male | 1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO | 100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO | 100000.00| str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 1 | wangdongxue | male |1990-09-08 | 2014-02-17 | CTO |100000.00 | str

ong man |

| 3 |

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