在mysql中,我们要从多张表中读取数据时,往往需要用到连接查询。连接查询通过两张表中符合连接关系的字段来建立两张表的关联,通常包括内连接、左外连接、右外连接和全连接。内连接会保留两张表中共有的那部分记录,因此最后产生的连接表记录数最少;全连接会保留两张表中所有的记录,因此最后产生的连接表记录数最多;而左外连接会保留左表的全部记录,右外连接会保留右表的全部记录,因此最后产生的连接表记录数处于内连接和外连接之间。
下面我们以一个学生选课的例子,来分析下左外连接的性能。
首先定义一张学生表(student):
插入学生记录,共10000条:
然后定义一张学生选课表(student_to_class):
插入学生选课记录,每个学生选择2门课,共20000条记录:
现在我们要统计每个学生的个人信息,包括他的姓名和他选择的课程数,这样我们需要使用左外连接,具体SQL如下:
SELECT a.student_id, student_name, count(*) FROM student a LEFT JOIN student_to_class b ON a.student_id = b.student_id GROUP BY a.student_id;但是,这个查询的执行速度非常慢,花费了75.467s,当然这与我在本机,而不是在服务器上搭建数据库也有关系,可这样的查询效率肯定不能忍受。
下面我们来分析一下为什么这么慢:
首先用explain查看这个语句的查询执行计划,可以看到type都为ALL,即在student表和student_to_class表中都使用的全表扫描,其中student表(a)中扫描了10649行,student_to_class表(b)中扫描了20287行,这样无疑效率是非常低的。
对此,我们试着给student_to_class表的student_id字段添加索引:
然后再次执行查询,发现速度非常快,只有0.077s,改进得非常多。而相应的查询执行计划如下图所示,发现在查询student_to_class表时使用了索引student_index,使得只需要扫描1行就行了,相当于原来的两万分之一,这就是效率改进的关键点所在。
因此,当连接查询时产生的连接表过大时,为了防止查询次数过多,我们要经常使用索引来减少查询次数,提高查询效率。

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