Output Control 函数可以让你自由控制脚本中数据的输出。它非常地有用,特别是对于:当你想在数据已经输出后,再输出文件头的情况。输出控制函数不对使用 header() 或 setcookie(), 发送的文件头信息产生影响,只对那些类似于 echo() 和 PHP 代码的数据块有作用。
我们先举一个简单的例子,让大家对Output Control有一个大致的印象:
Example 1.
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ob_start(); //打开缓冲区 echo "Hello\n"; //输出 header(“location:index.php”); //把浏览器重定向到index.php ob_end_flush();//输出全部内容到浏览器 ?> |
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所有对header()函数有了解的人都知道,这个函数会发送一段文件头给浏览器,但是如果在使用这个函数之前已经有了任何输出(包括空输出,比如空格,回车和换行)就会提示出错。如果我们去掉第一行的ob_start(),再执行此程序,我们会发现得到了一条错误提示:“Header had all ready send by”!但是加上ob_start,就不会提示出错,原因是当打开了缓冲区,echo后面的字符不会输出到浏览器,而是保留在服务器,直到你使用flush或者ob_end_flush才会输出,所以并不会有任何文件头输出的错误!

PHPsessionscanstorestrings,numbers,arrays,andobjects.1.Strings:textdatalikeusernames.2.Numbers:integersorfloatsforcounters.3.Arrays:listslikeshoppingcarts.4.Objects:complexstructuresthatareserialized.

TostartaPHPsession,usesession_start()atthescript'sbeginning.1)Placeitbeforeanyoutputtosetthesessioncookie.2)Usesessionsforuserdatalikeloginstatusorshoppingcarts.3)RegeneratesessionIDstopreventfixationattacks.4)Considerusingadatabaseforsessionstoragei

Session regeneration refers to generating a new session ID and invalidating the old ID when the user performs sensitive operations in case of session fixed attacks. The implementation steps include: 1. Detect sensitive operations, 2. Generate new session ID, 3. Destroy old session ID, 4. Update user-side session information.

PHP sessions have a significant impact on application performance. Optimization methods include: 1. Use a database to store session data to improve response speed; 2. Reduce the use of session data and only store necessary information; 3. Use a non-blocking session processor to improve concurrency capabilities; 4. Adjust the session expiration time to balance user experience and server burden; 5. Use persistent sessions to reduce the number of data read and write times.

PHPsessionsareserver-side,whilecookiesareclient-side.1)Sessionsstoredataontheserver,aremoresecure,andhandlelargerdata.2)Cookiesstoredataontheclient,arelesssecure,andlimitedinsize.Usesessionsforsensitivedataandcookiesfornon-sensitive,client-sidedata.

PHPidentifiesauser'ssessionusingsessioncookiesandsessionIDs.1)Whensession_start()iscalled,PHPgeneratesauniquesessionIDstoredinacookienamedPHPSESSIDontheuser'sbrowser.2)ThisIDallowsPHPtoretrievesessiondatafromtheserver.

The security of PHP sessions can be achieved through the following measures: 1. Use session_regenerate_id() to regenerate the session ID when the user logs in or is an important operation. 2. Encrypt the transmission session ID through the HTTPS protocol. 3. Use session_save_path() to specify the secure directory to store session data and set permissions correctly.

PHPsessionfilesarestoredinthedirectoryspecifiedbysession.save_path,typically/tmponUnix-likesystemsorC:\Windows\TemponWindows.Tocustomizethis:1)Usesession_save_path()tosetacustomdirectory,ensuringit'swritable;2)Verifythecustomdirectoryexistsandiswrita


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