Comparison of horizontal scalability capabilities of MySQL and TiDB

Comparison of horizontal scalability capabilities between MySQL and TiDB

With the rapid development of Internet business and the explosive growth of data volume, higher requirements have been put forward for the scalability of databases. When traditional database systems, such as MySQL, face large-scale data processing and high concurrent access requirements, they often need to upgrade hardware or vertically expand to meet the needs. However, this approach is often expensive and unsustainable. Against this background, TiDB, a new generation of database system, has emerged and attracted much attention due to its excellent horizontal scalability.

MySQL is a mature relational database management system that is widely used in various enterprise and Internet application scenarios. However, MySQL's horizontal scalability is relatively limited. In the traditional MySQL architecture, a database can generally only run on a single physical server. When the amount of data increases or the amount of concurrent access increases, the performance often cannot meet the demand. Although the load can be shared by configuring master-slave replication and read-write separation, it still cannot solve the problem of horizontal expansion of the database. In addition, MySQL also has some technical challenges in terms of sharding and data migration.

In contrast, TiDB is a distributed relational database with excellent horizontal scalability. TiDB adopts a distributed architecture and divides data into multiple regions (Regions). Each region contains multiple data fragments (Range), and each data fragment saves a part of the data. Through the collaboration between multiple TiDB nodes, TiDB can be seamlessly expanded to achieve automatic data distribution and load balancing. When you need to expand the database size, you only need to add new TiDB nodes, and the system will automatically allocate new data fragments to the new nodes. On the contrary, when you need to reduce the size of the database, you only need to delete some TiDB nodes, and the system will automatically migrate the data fragments it is responsible for to other nodes.

The following uses code examples to compare the horizontal scalability capabilities of MySQL and TiDB.

First, use MySQL to create a simple user table:

CREATE TABLE `users` (
  `id` INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
  `age` INT NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

Then, insert some test data into the table:

INSERT INTO `users`(`name`, `age`) VALUES ('Alice', 25);
INSERT INTO `users`(`name`, `age`) VALUES ('Bob', 30);
INSERT INTO `users`(`name`, `age`) VALUES ('Charlie', 35);
INSERT INTO `users`(`name`, `age`) VALUES ('David', 40);

Next, use MySQL to directly pass SQL Statements to query and modify data:

-- 查询所有用户
SELECT * FROM `users`;

-- 查询年龄大于30的用户
SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `age` > 30;

-- 修改年龄小于40的用户的年龄
UPDATE `users` SET `age` = 35 WHERE `age` < 40;

-- 删除年龄等于30的用户
DELETE FROM `users` WHERE `age` = 30;

However, when the amount of data increases or the amount of concurrent access increases, MySQL's performance may be limited. At this point, we can use TiDB to achieve horizontal expansion.

First, install and configure the TiDB cluster. For specific installation steps, please refer to TiDB official documentation.

Then, create a user table that is the same as in MySQL:

CREATE TABLE `users` (
  `id` INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
  `age` INT NOT NULL
) ENGINE=TiDB;

Next, insert the same test data into the table, perform the same query and modification operations, but this time use The SQL statements are the same.

Through the above examples, we can see that MySQL has performance problems when faced with large-scale data processing and high concurrent access, while TiDB has excellent horizontal expansion capabilities and can achieve seamless expansion and load balancing. . Through simple installation and configuration, TiDB can quickly expand the database size under the growing data demand and provide stable support for the business.

To sum up, there are obvious differences in the horizontal expansion capabilities of MySQL and TiDB. MySQL needs to improve its performance by upgrading hardware or adopting vertical expansion, while TiDB has an advanced distributed architecture that can achieve automatic data distribution and load balancing, and has excellent horizontal expansion capabilities. For the current rapidly developing Internet business, TiDB is a more ideal database choice.

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