准备环境
在 azure 上创建 ubuntu 类型的虚机事件非常容易的事情，安装 docker 也无须赘言。比较容易忽略的是配置合适的网络安全组规则，比如打开 80 和 443 端口：
还有就是配置 dns：
创建一个普通的 http 站点
简单起见，直接使用一个镜像中的 nodejs 应用作为 web 站点：
$ docker pull ljfpower/nodedemo $ docker network create -d bridge webnet $ docker run -d --restart=always --expose=3000 \ --network=webnet --name=myweb \ ljfpower/nodedemo
在用户的家目录下创建 nginx 目录及其子目录 conf.d、conf.crt 和 html，创建 logs 目录及其子目录 nginx 和 letsencrypt：
$ mkdir -p nginx/{conf.d,conf.crt,html}
$ mkdir -p logs/{nginx,letsencrypt}说明，本文演示的示例中需要我们手动创建的文件和目录结构如下：
创建 nginx/nginx.conf 文件，内容如下：
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 2048;
}
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
client_max_body_size 10m;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}然后创建 nginx/conf.d/default.conf 文件，内容如下：
upstream web{
server myweb:3000;
}
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name filterinto.com www.filterinto.com;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
default_type "text/plain";
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
location = /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
return 404;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://web;
}
}其中 /.well-known/acme-challenge/ 目录是 certbot 工具在生成证书时创建的。接下来创建文件 nginx/html/index.html 文件，内容如下：
<!doctype html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>let's encrypt first time cert issue site</title> </head> <body> <h1 id="hello-nbsp-https">hello https!</h1> <p> just used for the very first time ssl certificates are issued by let's encrypt's certbot. </p> </body> </html>
这个页面也是 certbot 在生成证书时需要用到的。最后让我们启动容器(在用户的家目录下执行下面的命令)：
$ docker run -d \ -p 80:80 \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d:ro \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro \ -v $(pwd)/logs/nginx:/var/log/nginx \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/html:/usr/share/nginx/html \ --restart=always \ --name=gateway \ --network=webnet \ nginx:1.14
注意：这时没有映射 443 端口，也没有挂载存放证书的目录。只能以 http 协议访问访问我们的站点：
为站点生成 ssl/tls 证书
let's encrypt 是一个提供免费 ssl/tls 证书的网站，它为用户提供了 certbot 工具用来生成 ssl/tls 证书。方便起见，我们把 certbot 简单的封装到容器中。在用户的家目录下创建 certbot 目录，进入 certbot 目录并把下面的内容保存到 dockerfile 文件中：
from alpine:3.4 run apk add --update bash certbot volume ["/etc/letsencrypt"]
然后执行下面的命令创建 certbot 镜像：
$ docker build -t certbot:1.0 .
然后在 certbot 目录下创建自动更新证书的脚本 renew_cert.sh，内容如下：
#!/bin/bash
webdir="$1"
list=('filterinto.com' 'www.filterinto.com')
led_list=()
www_root=/usr/share/nginx/html
for domain in ${list[@]};do
docker run \
--rm \
-v ${webdir}/nginx/conf.crt:/etc/letsencrypt \
-v ${webdir}/logs/letsencrypt:/var/log/letsencrypt \
-v ${webdir}/nginx/html:${www_root} \
certbot:1.0 \
certbot certonly --verbose --noninteractive --quiet --agree-tos \
--webroot -w ${www_root} \
--email="nick.li@grapecity.com" \
-d "$domain"
code=$?
if [ $code -ne 0 ]; then
failed_list+=($domain)
fi
done
# output failed domains
if [ ${#failed_list[@]} -ne 0 ];then
echo 'failed domain:'
for (( i=0; i<${#failed_list[@]}; i++ ));
do
echo ${failed_list[$i]}
done
fi在用户的家目录中执行 ./renew_cert.sh /home/nick 命令就可以生成新的证书(/home/nick 为当前用户的家目录)。生成的证书被保存在 /home/nick/nginx/conf.crt/live 目录下，以域名命名的目录下保存着该域名的证书：
然后去检查下 nginx/html 目录，发现多了一个隐藏的 .well-known 目录，这个目录就是在生成证书时创建的：
有了 ssl/tls 证书，接下来我们就可以配置 https 站点了。
为站点配置 ssl/tls 证书
有了 ssl/tls 证书，接下来更新 nginx 的配置文件就可以了，更新 nginx/conf.d/default.conf 的内容如下：
upstream web{
server myweb:3000;
}
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name filterinto.com www.filterinto.com;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
default_type "text/plain";
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
location = /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
return 404;
}
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443;
listen [::]:443;
server_name filterinto.com;
# enable ssl
ssl on;
ssl_protocols tlsv1 tlsv1.1 tlsv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers "eecdh+ecdsa+aesgcm eecdh+arsa+aesgcm eecdh+ecdsa+sha384 eecdh+ecdsa+sha256 eecdh+arsa+sha384 eecdh+arsa+sha256 eecdh edh+arsa !anull !enull !low !3des !md5 !exp !psk !srp !dss !rc4";
# config ssl certificate
ssl_certificate conf.crt/live/filterinto.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key conf.crt/live/filterinto.com/privkey.pem;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
default_type "text/plain";
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
location = /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
return 404;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://web;
}
}
server {
listen 443;
listen [::]:443;
server_name www.filterinto.com;
# enable ssl
ssl on;
ssl_protocols tlsv1 tlsv1.1 tlsv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers "eecdh+ecdsa+aesgcm eecdh+arsa+aesgcm eecdh+ecdsa+sha384 eecdh+ecdsa+sha256 eecdh+arsa+sha384 eecdh+arsa+sha256 eecdh edh+arsa !anull !enull !low !3des !md5 !exp !psk !srp !dss !rc4";
# config ssl certificate
ssl_certificate conf.crt/live/www.filterinto.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key conf.crt/live/www.filterinto.com/privkey.pem;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
default_type "text/plain";
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
location = /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
return 404;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://web;
}
}然后删除容器 gateway 并用下面的脚本重新创建：
$ docker run -d \ -p 80:80 \ -p 443:443 \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d:ro \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/conf.crt:/etc/nginx/conf.crt:ro \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro \ -v $(pwd)/logs/nginx:/var/log/nginx \ -v $(pwd)/nginx/html:/usr/share/nginx/html \ --restart=always \ --name=gateway \ --network=webnet \ nginx:1.14
现在就只能通过 https 来访问站点了：
自动更新证书
let's encrypt 提供的 ssl/tls 证书期限只有三个月，每过三个月要手动更新一次证书也够呛的，下面我们介绍自动更新证书的方法。
其实我们的配置已经为自动化更新证书提供了最大的便利(其实是使用 docker 带来的便利)，在定时任务中添加下面两条记录就可以了：
0 0 1 * * /home/nick/certbot/renew_cert.sh /home/nick >> /home/nick/logs/cert.log 2>> /home/nick/logs/cert.error.log 0 1 1 * * docker exec gateway nginx -s reload
每月 1 号的 0 点更新证书，一个小时后 reload nginx 的配置。
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