Let’s talk about the characteristics, environment and grammatical specifications of Go language

The implementation of pure Go language is generally favored by many developers, because Go language has good support for concurrent programming and network programming, and also provides some standard libraries that can quickly write Efficient and reliable procedure. The following will be written from the aspects of Go language characteristics, development environment, grammatical specifications, project structure and implementation steps.

1. Features of Go language

1. Concurrent programming support: Go language provides a native mechanism to support concurrency. For example, goroutine can easily create and schedule threads, and channel Data can be synchronized and transferred between multiple goroutines, and mechanisms such as mutex and atomic can ensure the correctness of the data. These mechanisms allow developers to easily implement large-scale concurrent programs without having to worry too much about issues such as thread suspension and thread switching.
2. Network programming support: Go language provides a powerful network programming library that can easily write programs for TCP/IP and UDP protocols, and also provides an http library that can easily write web applications. For example, the net package can provide mechanisms for socket programming and reading and writing network data, while the http package can be used to write http server applications.
3. Memory management support: Go language provides an efficient garbage collection mechanism that can automatically manage memory. Moreover, the Go language has also added some optimization solutions for heap allocation. For example, sync.pool is used to manage pooled objects, and it also provides tools such as memory limits and performance analysis.
4. Concise code: The syntax of Go language is very concise, making it easy to write clear and understandable code. Moreover, the Go language supports command-line compilation and construction tools, automated code management, and focuses on code style specifications, which also provide developers with a lot of convenience.

2. Go language development environment

There are many development environments for Go language. For example, Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, Goland, etc. all include some plug-ins and development environments for Go language. tool. Here, we use Visual Studio Code as an example to explain the development environment of Go language.

1. Installing Go language environment

Go language is an open source language. Before installation, you need to download the Go language installation package. Open https://golang.org/dl/ and select the installation package that matches the local operating system and bit number to download. After downloading the installation package, unzip the file and select the appropriate directory for installation.

2. Configuring system environment variables

There are three main environment variables in Go language, namely GOPATH, GOROOT, and GOBIN.

GOPATH: The path to third-party libraries, tools and project files required by Go language projects.

GOROOT: The root directory of Go language installation.

GOBIN: The path to store the generated executable program.

These three environment variables need to be configured into the system environment to avoid development inconvenience.

3. Install Visual Studio Code

Open https://code.visualstudio.com/, download the installation package of Visual Studio Code and install it.

4. Install the Go language plug-in

Start Visual Studio Code, open the extension options (Ctrl Shift X), search for "Go" and install it.

When using Visual Studio Code to write Go language programs, you need to install some common plug-ins, such as:

(1) Go module

(2) Go Tools

(3)Go Test

(4)gopls

(5)gocode

(6)delve

In addition to the above plug-ins to be installed , you also need to install some plug-ins that support syntax highlighting, automatic completion and other functions, such as:

(1) Go

(2) Go snippets

(3) Go imports

3. Grammar specifications of Go language

The grammar specifications of Go language are very strict, and developers are required to write code that conforms to the specifications.

1. Naming convention

The naming convention in Go language is somewhat similar to C language, requiring that variable names, function names and type names must be named in Pascal style (camel case) method, and the package name must be all lowercase.

2. Indentation specifications

The indentation in Go language uses the tab key and uses 2 empty indentations. You can use gofmt for automatic code formatting

3. Comment specification

There are two comment methods in Go language, namely: // (single-line comment) and / / (multi-line comment). Among them, single-line comments can only appear at the end of the code line, while multi-line comments can be placed anywhere

4. Organization of the Go language project structure

In the development of Go language projects, it is necessary Organize the project structure according to its size and functionality. The following is an introduction to two of the more common organizational methods.

1. Single file

When the Go language project is relatively small, a single file is generally used to write code. This method is simple and clear, and code editing It is also more convenient to get up.

2. Hierarchical structure

When the Go language project is relatively large, it is generally organized using a hierarchical structure. This method can better organize the code. Separate functions from each other to facilitate maintenance and expansion. The hierarchical structure is generally divided into three levels: presentation, business and data access.

5. Go language project implementation steps

Before developing a Go language project, you need to clarify the project requirements and design, and then determine the project file structure based on the project scale and functions. Next, we will take the implementation of a simple website homepage as an example to explain the implementation steps of the Go language project.

1. Create project folder

First, we need to create a folder in the local disk, for example, in the D drive, we created a folder named web Folder, used to store the projects developed in this actual combat.

2. Specify the project path

It is best to specify the project directly under "$GOPATH/src" to facilitate the import of packages.

3. Create project module

Run the command in the project home directory: go mod init module name to generate the go.mod file.

4. Create main.go file

The main.go file is the entry file of the program. We need to write code in this file, for example:

package main

import (
    "net/http"
)

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        w.Write([]byte("hello world!"))
    })

    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

Then, enter: go run main.go in the command line to run the above code. After the program runs, enter localhost:8080 in the browser, and you will see the "hello world!" output.

5. Add static files to the project

In actual development, we need to add some static files (such as images, CSS and JavaScript files) to the project, This way, when a user requests a page, the files can be accessed directly. Here, we add the static files to the public folder of the project.

6. Writing handler functions

In the main function, we can write some handler functions to handle the relationship between different routing requests. For example, we can write a handler function for processing homepage requests. The code is as follows:

func indexHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    http.ServeFile(w, r, "public/index.html")
}

7. Add routing

In the preceding code, we can pass http.HandleFunc () function to perform route binding. For example, we can specify the "/" route as the indexHandler() function, the code is as follows:

http.HandleFunc("/", indexHandler)

8. Add routing for static files

In the preceding code, we can Add routing for static files through the http.FileServe() function. The code is as follows:

http.Handle("/static/", http.StripPrefix("/static/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("public"))))

Then, enter localhost:8080/static/style.css in the browser to access the style.css file.

To sum up, the writing method of Go language is not only simple and elegant, but also has good concurrency and network programming support. Using Go language to implement projects can not only improve development efficiency, but also improve program reliability and performance.

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