Some common techniques and practical experiences in concurrent writing in Golang

With the continuous development of computer technology, high concurrency has become a very important topic in modern software development. As a concurrent programming language, Golang (Go for short) has a concurrent writing method that is very good at dealing with high concurrency problems. This article will introduce some common techniques and practical experience of concurrent writing in Golang.

1. Goroutine

Goroutine is a lightweight thread in Golang that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously in one process. Using Goroutine allows us to easily handle concurrent tasks without the need to manually manage multiple threads and lock mechanisms. To start Goroutine in Golang, you only need to add the go keyword before the function. For example:

func main() {
    go worker()
}

func worker() {
    // do something
}

In the above code, we use the go keyword in the main function to start a Goroutine of the worker function. When the main function completes execution, the Goroutine will automatically stop. The starting and stopping of Goroutine is very lightweight, so we can start a large number of Goroutines at the same time to handle concurrent tasks.

2. Channel

Channel is a communication mechanism in Golang that can pass data between Goroutines. Using Channel can avoid competition and data sharing issues between multiple Goroutines. To create a Channel in Golang, you only need to use the make function, for example:

ch := make(chan int)

In the above code, we created a Channel with a communication type of int. You can use the <- operator to send data to Channel, for example:

ch <- 10

In the above code, we sent an integer 10 to Channel. You can use the <- operator to receive Channel data, for example:

x := <-ch

In the above code, we receive an integer from Channel and assign it to the variable x. Using Channels in different Goroutines allows for easy collaboration and avoids competition and synchronization problems.

3. Mutex

Mutex is a mutex lock in Golang, which can be used to avoid competition problems between multiple Goroutines. To create a Mutex in Golang, you only need to use the sync package, for example:

var mu sync.Mutex

In the above code, we declare a mutex variable mu. In code blocks that need to protect shared resources, you can use the Lock and Unlock functions to acquire and release locks respectively. For example:

mu.Lock()
// do something with shared resource
mu.Unlock()

In the above code, we acquire the lock before entering the shared resource code block, thereby avoiding It solves the competition problem between multiple Goroutines. Using Mutex can ensure the security of shared resources, but it will also reduce the performance of the program because it requires frequent locking and unlocking.

4. WaitGroup

WaitGroup is a waiting group in Golang that can wait for multiple Goroutines to complete before continuing. To create a WaitGroup in Golang, you only need to use the sync package, for example:

var wg sync.WaitGroup

In the above code, we declare a waiting group variable wg. In code that needs to wait for multiple Goroutine executions to complete before continuing, you can use the Add and Done functions to add and release the waiting group counter respectively, for example:

wg.Add(1)
go worker(&wg)

// ...

wg.Wait()

In the above code, we use the Add function to add and release the waiting group counter. The counter is incremented by one. After the execution in the worker function is completed, use the Done function to decrement the waiting group counter by one to ensure that its execution is completed. At the Wait function, the program will wait for all Worker functions to complete before performing the next step. Using WaitGroup can avoid competition problems between multiple Goroutines and ensure the synchronization of concurrent tasks.

5. Select

Select is a selector in Golang that can be used to multiplex Channels. Using Select in Golang can easily handle collaboration and communication between concurrent tasks. In Select, you can use case conditional statements to detect whether Channel data is available, for example:

select {
case x := <-ch1:
    // handle x from ch1
case y := <-ch2:
    // handle y from ch2
default:
    // do something else
}

In the above code, we use Select to detect whether data from ch1 and ch2 are available, and process them respectively. The default statement can be used to handle situations when no data is available. Use Select to conveniently handle communication and collaboration between multiple concurrent tasks.

Conclusion

In Golang, using concurrency features such as Goroutine, Channel, Mutex, WaitGroup and Select can easily handle high concurrency problems. Practical experience combining these features can help us better handle concurrent tasks. Of course, correct use of concurrency features also requires attention to avoid deadlocks, race conditions and other issues to ensure the correctness and performance of the program.

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