单例模式的概念
单例模式是指整个应用中某个类只有一个对象实例的设计模式。具体来说,作为对象的创建方式,单例模式确保某一个类只有一个实例,而且自行实例化并向整个系统全局的提供这个实例。它不会创建实例副本,而是会向单例类内部存储的实例返回一个引用。
单例模式的特点
单例模式的主要特点是“三私一公”:
需要一个保存类的唯一实例的私有静态成员变量
构造函数必须声明为私有的,防止外部程序new一个对象从而失去单例的意义
克隆函数必须声明为私有的,防止对象被克隆
必须提供一个访问这个实例的公共静态方法(通常命名为getInstance),从而返回唯一实例的一个引用。
使用单例模式的原因及场景
在PHP的大多数应用中都会存在大量的数据库操作,如果不用单例模式,那每次都要new操作,但是每次new都会消耗大量的系统资源和内存资源,而且每次打开和关闭数据库都是对数据库的一种极大考验和浪费。所以单例模式经常用在数据库操作类中。
同样,如果系统中需要有一个类来全局控制某些配置信息,那使用单例模式可以很方便的实现。
PHP单例模式实现
下面是一个PHP单例模式实现数据库操作类的框架
<?php class Db{ const DB_HOST='localhost'; const DB_NAME=''; const DB_USER=''; const DB_PWD=''; private $_db; //保存实例的私有静态变量 private static $_instance; //构造函数和克隆函数都声明为私有的 private function __construct(){ //$this->_db=mysql_connect(); } private function __clone(){ //实现 } //访问实例的公共静态方法 public static function getInstance(){ if(!(self::$_instance instanceof self)){ self::$_instance=new self(); } //或者 if(self::$_instance===null){ self::$_instance=new Db(); } return self::$_instance; } public function fetchAll(){ //实现 } public function fetchRow(){ //实现 } } //类外部获取实例的引用 $db=Db::getInstance(); ?>

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