一:触发器是一种特殊的存储过程,它不能被显式地调用,而是在往表中插入记录﹑更新记录或者删除记录时被自动地激活。所以触发器可以用来实现对表实施复杂的完整性约束。
二:SQL Server为每个触发器都创建了两个专用表:Inserted表和Deleted表。这两个表由系统来维护,它们存在于内存中而不是在数据库中。这两个表的结构总是与被该触发器作用的表的结构相同。触发器执行 完成后,与该触发器相关的这两个表也被删除。
Deleted表存放由于执行Delete或Update语句而要从表中删除的所有行。
Inserted表存放由于执行Insert或Update语句而要向表中插入的所有行。
三:Instead of 和 After触发器
SQL Server2000提供了两种触发器:Instead of 和After 触发器。这两种触发器的差别在于他们被激活的同:
Instead of触发器用于替代引起触发器执行的T-SQL语句。除表之外,Instead of 触发器也可以用于视图,用来扩展视图可以支持的更新操作。
After触发器在一个Insert,Update或Deleted语句之后执行,进行约束检查等动作都在After触发器被激活之前发生。After触发器只能用于表。
一个表或视图的每一个修改动作(insert,update和delete)都可以有一个instead of 触发器,一个表的每个修改动作都可以有多个After触发器。
四:触发器的执行过程
如果一个Insert﹑update或者delete语句违反了约束,那幺After触发器不会执行,因为对约束的检查是在After触发器被激动之前发生的。所以After触发器不能超越约束。
Instead of 触发器可以取代激发它的操作来执行。它在Inserted表和Deleted表刚刚建立,其它任何操作还没有发生时被执行。因为Instead of 触发器在约束之前执行,所以它可以对约束进行一些预处理。
五:使用T-SQL语句来创建触发器
基本语句如下:
create trigger trigger_name on {table_name | view_name} {for | After | Instead of } [ insert, update,delete ] as sql_statement
六:删除触发器:
基本语句如下:
drop trigger trigger_name
七:查看数据库中已有触发器:
-- 查看数据库已有触发器 use jxcSoftware go select * from sysobjects where xtype="TR" -- 查看单个触发器 exec sp_helptext "触发器名"
八:修改触发器:
基本语句如下:
alter trigger trigger_name on {table_name | view_name} {for | After | Instead of } [ insert, update,delete ] as sql_statement
九:相关示例:
1:在Orders表中建立触发器,当向Orders表中插入一条订单记录时,检查goods表的货品状态status是否为1(正在整理),是,则不能往Orders表加入该订单。
create trigger orderinsert on orders after insert as if (select status from goods,inserted where goods.name=inserted.goodsname)=1 begin print "the goods is being processed" print "the order cannot be committed" rollback transaction --回滚,避免加入 end
2:在Orders表建立一个插入触发器,在添加一条订单时,减少Goods表相应的货品记录中的库存。
create trigger orderinsert1 on orders after insert as update goods set storage=storage-inserted.quantity from goods,inserted where goods.name=inserted.goodsname
3:在Goods表建立删除触发器,实现Goods表和Orders表的级联删除。
create trigger goodsdelete on goods after delete as delete from orders where goodsname in (select name from deleted)
4:在Orders表建立一个更新触发器,监视Orders表的订单日期(OrderDate)列,使其不能手工修改.
create trigger orderdateupdate on orders after update as if update(orderdate) begin raiserror(" orderdate cannot be modified",10,1) rollback transaction end
5:在Orders表建立一个插入触发器,保证向Orders表插入的货品名必须要在Goods表中一定存在。
create trigger orderinsert3 on orders after insert as if (select count(*) from goods,inserted where goods.name=inserted.goodsname)=0 begin print " no entry in goods for this order" rollback transaction end
6:Orders表建立一个插入触发器,保证向Orders表插入的货品信息要在Order表中添加
alter trigger addOrder on Orders for insert as insert into Order select inserted.Id, inserted.goodName,inserted.Number from inserted
以上就是SQL Server触发器创建、删除、修改、查看_MySQL的内容,更多相关内容请关注PHP中文网(www.php.cn)!

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse
Integrate Eclipse with SAP NetWeaver application server.

Dreamweaver Mac version
Visual web development tools

Safe Exam Browser
Safe Exam Browser is a secure browser environment for taking online exams securely. This software turns any computer into a secure workstation. It controls access to any utility and prevents students from using unauthorized resources.

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.