Explore how to better debug Golang programs

As a high-performance programming language, Golang is used by more and more programmers, and debugging is a very important part of the development process. Therefore, this article will introduce Golang debugging methods and explore how to better debug Golang programs.

1. Debugging methods

1. Logging

Logging is the most basic debugging method. By adding the log printing method to the code, you can better understand The running status of the program. In Golang, we can use the log package of the standard library to achieve this. It provides three levels of printing, namely Print, Printf and Println, which can be used flexibly according to needs.

For example:

`
import "log"
func main() {

log.Println("这是一个普通的log输出")
log.Printf("这是一个%s输出\n", "格式化")
log.Print("这是一个没有换行的输出")

}
`

2. pprof

pprof is a performance analysis tool that can help us understand the performance bottlenecks of the program. In Golang, pprof is supported by the standard library. We can perform performance analysis by adding an interface to export the data required by pprof in the code and accessing the port number when the program is running.

For example:

`
import (

"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
_ "net/http/pprof"

)
func main() {

go func() {
    log.Println(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:6060", nil))
}()

// 其他业务代码

select {}

}
`

Here, a goroutine is copied in the main function to start the pprof web service. After starting the program, you can perform performance analysis by accessing http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/ in the browser. Commonly used pprof instructions include: top, web, list, etc., which are used to help analyze performance bottlenecks in the code.

3. Debugging tools

Golang has many debugging tools. The two recommended tools are dlv and gdb.

dlv is a Golang debugging tool officially maintained by Google, which is more convenient to use than gdb. It can be installed via go get.

gdb is a debugging tool under Linux that can support debugging in multiple programming languages. When debugging a Golang program, you need to install runtime/cgo in the Go standard library.

2. Debugging skills

1. Breakpoint debugging

Breakpoint debugging is one of the most commonly used debugging techniques. Add a breakpoint in the editor, the program will stop when it reaches the breakpoint, and you can perform single-step debugging or view variables. When debugging network programs, it is recommended to print out network data packets and view the data content.

2. Conditional breakpoint debugging

In some cases, we need to execute a section of code against a certain variable or condition. At this time, conditional breakpoint debugging comes in handy. For example, during program execution, we need to check whether the value of the x variable is greater than y. We can add the expression "x>y" to the breakpoint condition, so that when the program executes to the breakpoint, only when x> It will stop only when the y condition is established.

3. Stuck point debugging

Stuck point debugging can effectively find out the slow points in the program and optimize them. We can add timing tools to the code, mark the start and end time of each code block, and analyze the execution time of each code block to find the bottleneck of the program.

For example:

`
startTime := time.Now().UnixNano() //Start time
time.Sleep(time.Second) //Execute business logic
endTime := time.Now().UnixNano() //End time
log.Printf("Entire time: %d nanoseconds", endTime-startTime)
`

The key is to record the time at the nanosecond level and optimize the slowest points in later analysis.

3. Summary

Compared with other languages, Golang debugging has better performance and a more flexible debugging method. In actual development, we can flexibly choose debugging methods as needed and combine debugging tools and techniques to better maintain our Golang programs.

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