MySQL是一种开放源代码的关系型数据库管理系统(RDBMS),MySQL数据库系统使用最常用的数据库管理语言--结构化查询语言(SQL)进行数据库管理。
使用Select语句返回的数据,可能会发现显示的数据会与其他的地方顺序不同。出现这种情况很正常。如果没有明确排序查询结果。则返回的数据没有特殊意义。返回数据的顺序可能是是数据被添加到表中的顺序,也可能不是。只要返回相同数目的行,就是正常。
注意:SQL语句和大小写 请注意,SQL语句不区分大小写,因此select和SELECT是相同的。同样,写成Select也没有关系。许多SQL开发人员喜欢对所有SQL关键字使用大写,而对所有列名和表名使用小写。这样做使代码更易于阅读和调试。不过,一定要认识到虽然SQL是不区分大小写的,但有些标识符(如数据库名,表名,列名)可能不同:在MYSQL4.1 及之前的版本中,这些标识符默认是区分大小写的;在MySQL 4.1.1 版本中,这些标识符默认是不区分大小写的。
使用空格: 在处理SQL语句时,其中所有空格都被忽略。SQL语句可以在一行上给出,也可以分成许多行。多数SQL开发人员认为将SQL语句分成多行更容易阅读和调试。
数据表示: 从上述输出可以看到,SQL语句一般返回原始的、无格式的数据。数据的格式化是一个表示问题,而不是一个检索问题。因此,表示(对齐和显示上面的价格值,用货币符号和逗号表示其金额) 一般在显示该数据的应用程序中规定。一般很少使用实际检索出的原始数据。
使用通配符: 一般,除非你确定需要表中的每个列,否则最好不要使用通配符
检索未知列 :使用通配符最大的一个优点。由于不明确指定列名,所以能检索出名字未知的列。
返回唯一值:SELECT DISTINCT vendor_id FROM products;
不能部分使用DISTINCT DISTINCT关键字应用于所有列而不仅是前置它的列。如果给出SELECT DISTINCT vend_id,pro_price,除非指定的两个列都不同,否则所有行都将被检索出来。
限制显示:
MYSQL 5 的limit语法 LIMIT 3,4 一样 的一种替代语法为 : LIMIT 4 OFFSET 3
使用完全限定的表名:
SELECT products.prod_name FROM products
也可以从数据库开始限定
SELECT products.prod_name FROM crashcourse.products
以上所述是小编给大家整理的MYSQL必知必会第四章之检索数据的相关知识,希望对大家有所帮助,同时也非常感谢大家对网站的支持!

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.

SQL commands in MySQL can be divided into categories such as DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, etc., and are used to create, modify, delete databases and tables, insert, update, delete data, and perform complex query operations. 1. Basic usage includes CREATETABLE creation table, INSERTINTO insert data, and SELECT query data. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN for table joins, subqueries and GROUPBY for data aggregation. 3. Common errors such as syntax errors, data type mismatch and permission problems can be debugged through syntax checking, data type conversion and permission management. 4. Performance optimization suggestions include using indexes, avoiding full table scanning, optimizing JOIN operations and using transactions to ensure data consistency.

InnoDB achieves atomicity through undolog, consistency and isolation through locking mechanism and MVCC, and persistence through redolog. 1) Atomicity: Use undolog to record the original data to ensure that the transaction can be rolled back. 2) Consistency: Ensure the data consistency through row-level locking and MVCC. 3) Isolation: Supports multiple isolation levels, and REPEATABLEREAD is used by default. 4) Persistence: Use redolog to record modifications to ensure that data is saved for a long time.

MySQL's position in databases and programming is very important. It is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in various application scenarios. 1) MySQL provides efficient data storage, organization and retrieval functions, supporting Web, mobile and enterprise-level systems. 2) It uses a client-server architecture, supports multiple storage engines and index optimization. 3) Basic usages include creating tables and inserting data, and advanced usages involve multi-table JOINs and complex queries. 4) Frequently asked questions such as SQL syntax errors and performance issues can be debugged through the EXPLAIN command and slow query log. 5) Performance optimization methods include rational use of indexes, optimized query and use of caches. Best practices include using transactions and PreparedStatemen

MySQL is suitable for small and large enterprises. 1) Small businesses can use MySQL for basic data management, such as storing customer information. 2) Large enterprises can use MySQL to process massive data and complex business logic to optimize query performance and transaction processing.

InnoDB effectively prevents phantom reading through Next-KeyLocking mechanism. 1) Next-KeyLocking combines row lock and gap lock to lock records and their gaps to prevent new records from being inserted. 2) In practical applications, by optimizing query and adjusting isolation levels, lock competition can be reduced and concurrency performance can be improved.


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