提出
在命名空间提出之前,不同的组件很容易碰到命名的冲突,例如 Request 、Response 等常见的命名。PHP 在 5.3 后提出了命名空间用来解决组件之间的命名冲突问题,主要参考了文件系统的设计:
同一个目录下不允许有相同的文件名 - 同一个命名空间下不允许有相同的类;
不同的目录可以有同名文件 - 不同的命名空间可以有相同的类;
定义
使用 namespace 关键字来定义一个命名空间。其中,顶层命名空间通常为厂商名,不同开发者的厂商命名空间是唯一的。命名空间不需要与文件目录一一对应,但是最好遵守 PSR-4 规范。
<?php namespace Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation; class Request { }
命名空间必须在所有代码之前声明,唯一的例外就是 declare 关键字。
<?php declare(strict_types=1); namespace App;
命名空间内可包含任意 PHP 代码,但是仅对类 (包括抽象类和 Trait)、接口、函数和常量这四种类型生效。
<?php namespace MyProject; const CONNECT_OK = 1; class FOO {} interface Foo{} function foo() {}
使用
使用 use 关键字来引入命名空间
<?php namespace App; use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request; use Foo\Bar; class Test { public function run() { $bar = new Bar(); } }
定义和使用推荐遵循 PSR-2 的规范
namespace 之后必须存在一个空行;
所有 use 声明必须位于 namespace 声明之后;
每条 use 声明必须只有一个 use 关键字。
use 语句块之后必须存在一个空行。
当 use 引入的类出现同名时,可使用 as 来定义别名
<?php namespace App; use Foo\Bar as BaseBar; class Bar extends BaseBar { }
限定符
除了使用 use 外,还可以直接使用 \ 限定符来进行解析,规则很简单:如果含有 \ 前缀则代表从全局命名空间开始解析,否则则代表从当前命名空间开始解析。
<?php namespace App; \Foo\Bar\foo(); // 解析成 \Foo\Bar\foo(); Foo\Bar\foo(); // 解析成 App\Foo\Bar\foo();
此规则也适用于函数、常量等
$a = \strlen('hi'); // 调用全局函数 strlen $b = \INI_ALL; // 访问全局常量 INI_ALL $c = new \Exception('error'); // 实例化全局类 Exception
有两个需要特别注意的地方:
对于函数和常量而言,如果当前命名空间不存在,则会自动去全局命名空间去寻找,因此可省略 \ 前缀。对于类而言,如果当前命名空间解析不到,不会去全局空间寻找,因此,不可省略 \
$a = strlen('hi'); $b = INI_ALL; $c = new Exception('error'); // 错误 $c = new \Exception('error'); // 正确
当动态调用命名空间时,该命名空间始终会被当成是全局命名空间,因此可以省略前缀 \
$class1 = 'Foo\Bar'; $object1 = new $class1; // 始终被解析成 \Foo\Bar
在内部访问命名空间
PHP 支持两种抽象的访问当前命名空间内部元素的方法,__NAMESPACE__ 魔术常量和 namespace 关键字。
__NAMESPACE__ 常量的值是包含当前命名空间名称的字符串,如果是在全局命名空间,则返回空字符串。
<?php namespace MyProject; function get($classname) { $a = __NAMESPACE__ . '\\' . $classname; return new $a; }
关键字 namespace 可用来显式访问当前命名空间或子命名空间中的元素。它等价于类中的 self 操作符
namespace App; use blah\blah as mine; blah\mine(); // App\blah\mine() namespace\blah\mine(); // App\blah\mine() namespace\func(); // App\func() namespace\sub\func(); // App\sub\func() namespace\cname::method(); // App\cname::method() $a = new namespace\sub\cname(); // App\sub\cname $b = namespace\CONSTANT; // App\CONSTANT
转义 \ 符号
此外,推荐对所有的 \ 进行转义,避免出现不可预期的后果
$class = "dangerous\name"; // \n 被解析成换行符 $obj = new $class; $class = 'dangerous\name'; // 正确,但是不推荐 $class = 'dangerous\\name'; // 推荐 $class = "dangerous\\name"; // 推荐
The above is the detailed content of PHP core features namespace. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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