PHP 5 引入了新的对象模型(Object Model)。完全重写了 PHP 处理对象的方式,允许更佳性能和更多特性。
一、基本概念
1、class
每个类的定义都以关键字 class 开头,后面跟着类名,可以是任何非 PHP 保留字的名字。后面跟着一对花括号,里面包含有类成员和方法的定义。伪变量 $this 可以在当一个方法在对象内部调用时使用。$this 是一个到调用对象(通常是方法所属于的对象,但也可以是另一个对象,如果该方法是从第二个对象内静态调用的话)的引用。看下面例子:
Example#1 面向对象语言中的 $this 变量
<?php class A { function foo() { if (isset($this)) { echo '$this is defined ('; echo get_class($this); echo ")\n"; } else { echo "\$this is not defined.\n"; } } } class B { function bar() { A::foo(); } } $a = new A(); $a->foo(); A::foo(); $b = new B(); $b->bar(); B::bar(); ?>
上例将输出:
$this is defined (a) $this is not defined. $this is defined (b) $this is not defined.
Example#2 简单的类定义
<?php class SimpleClass { // 成员声明 public $var = 'a default value'; // 方法声明 public function displayVar() { echo $this->var; } } ?>
Example#3 类成员的默认值
<?php class SimpleClass { // 无效的类成员定义: public $var1 = 'hello '.'world'; public $var2 = <<<EOD hello world EOD; public $var3 = 1+2; public $var4 = self::myStaticMethod(); public $var5 = $myVar; // 正确的类成员定义: public $var6 = myConstant; public $var7 = self::classConstant; public $var8 = array(true, false); } ?>
2、new
要创建一个对象的实例,必须创建一个新对象并将其赋给一个变量。当创建新对象时该对象总是被赋值,除非该对象定义了构造函数并且在出错时抛出了一个异常。
Example#4 创建一个实例
<?php $instance = new SimpleClass(); ?>
复制代码当把一个对象已经创建的实例赋给一个新变量时,新变量会访问同一个实例,就和用该对象赋值一样。此行为和给函数传递入实例时一样。可以用克隆给一个已创建的对象建立一个新实例。
Example#5 对象赋值
<?php $assigned = $instance; $reference =& $instance; $instance->var = '$assigned will have this value'; $instance = null; // $instance and $reference become null var_dump($instance); var_dump($reference); var_dump($assigned); ?>
复制代码上例将输出:
NULL NULL object(SimpleClass)#1 (1) { ["var"]=> string(30) "$assigned will have this value" }
3、extends
一个类可以在声明中用 extends 关键字继承另一个类的方法和成员。不能扩展多个类,只能继承一个基类。
被继承的方法和成员可以通过用同样的名字重新声明被覆盖,除非父类定义方法时使用了 final 关键字。可以通过 parent:: 来访问被覆盖的方法或成员。
Example#6 简单的类继承
<?php class ExtendClass extends SimpleClass { // Redefine the parent method function displayVar() { echo "Extending class\n"; parent::displayVar(); } } $extended = new ExtendClass(); $extended->displayVar(); ?>
上例将输出:
Extending class a default value
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