


1. Variables
1. Naming rules for variables: start with a letter or underscore, followed by numbers, letters or underscores. It is best not to name the variable casually, but to be able to guess its meaning when you see the variable name.
2. Variable assignment: x=100
echo $x
Delete variable: unset x
3. Use braces ## to define the boundaries of variable names
#[root@bogon ~]# egon_salary=20000[root@bogon ~]# echo ${egon_salary}yuan
20000yuan
1
[root@bogon ~]# ((x+=1))
[root@bogon ~]# echo $x
11
[root@bogon ~]# x=10
[root@bogon ~]# ((x>=8))
[root@bogon ~]# echo $?
0
[root@bogon ~]# echo ${res}%
33%
[root@bogon ~]# [[ 2 > 1 ]][root@bogon ~]# echo $?0 [root@bogon ~]# ((20>10))[root@bogon ~]# echo $?0 [root@bogon ~]# ((20<div class="cnblogs_code"></div> String test<p></p> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">[root@bogon ~]# [ "abc" = "abc" ][root@bogon ~]# echo $?0 [root@bogon ~]# [[ "abc" = "abc" ]][root@bogon ~]# echo $?0 [root@bogon ~]# (("abc" = "abc"))[root@bogon ~]# echo $?1
[root@bogon ~]# [[ a = a && 1 <div class="cnblogs_code"></div><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">[root@bogon ~]# (( a = a || 1 > 2 ))[root@bogon ~]# echo $?1[root@bogon ~]# [[ a = a || 1 > 2 ]][root@bogon ~]# echo $?0To compare pure numbers, use (( ))For comparisons other than pure numbers, use [[ ]]
3. Process control
1.if branch
1) Verify user account password:
input your name : zhangcan input password : 123login successful [root@bogon ~]# ./usertest.sh input your name : hha input password : hag user or password error
#! /bin/bashuser='zhangcan'password='123'read -p 'input your name : ' name read -p 'input password : ' codeif [ $name = $user -a $code = $password ];then echo 'login successful'elseecho 'user or password error'fi~2) Determine the grade
#!/bin/bash #根据用户输入的成绩,判断所属档次,并输出给用户read -p 'input your score : ' scoreif [ $score -ge 90 ];then echo '优秀'elif [ $score -ge 70 -a $score -lt 90 ];then echo '良好'elif [ $score -ge 60 -a $score -lt 70 ];then echo '及格'elif [ $score -lt 60 ];then echo '较差'fi2.while loopwhile (Condition) do Command doneExample: Determine what type of file the user inputs
#!/bin/bashwhile : do read -p 'input your file : ' fileif [ -z $file ];thencontinueelsebreakfi doneif [ -f $file ];then echo "$file is regular file"elif [ -b $file ];then echo "$file is block file"elif [ -d $file ];then echo "$file is directory file"elseecho "$file type unkonw"fi3.for loop for i in {1..10} #in does not have to be followed by a number, as long as it is a command that returns a resultdo
echo $i doneExample 1: Write a script to test the IPs that can be used in the subnet
#!/bin/bashfor i in {1..50} do ping -c1 192.168.16.$i &> /dev/null # -c1表示ping一次if [ $? -ne 0 ];then echo "192.168.16.$i successful"echo "192.168.16.$i" >> ~/ipavailable.txt fi done~Example 2: Count the number of each file type under /dev
#!/bin/bashdir='/dev'for i in $(ls $dir) doif [ -h $dir/$i ];then ((link+=1))elif [ -f $dir/$i ];then (( rfile+=1))elif [ -d $dir/$i ];then ((directory+=1))elif [ -b $dir/$i ];then (( block+=1 ))else(( typeunknow+=1)) fi done echo 'block' $block echo 'regular file' $rfile echo 'directory' $directory echo 'link' $link echo 'unknow' $typeunknow4. Nested loopsExample 1: Output a multiplication table
#!/bin/bashfor ((i=1;i <div class="cnblogs_code"></div>Example 2: Verify the user's login account and password. After successful login, you can execute the command and exit when you enter quit<p></p><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">#!/bin/bashuser='zhangcan'password='123'tag=truewhile $tag do read -p 'input your name : ' name read -p 'input your password : ' codeif [[ $name = $user ]] && [[ $code = $password ]];then echo 'login successful'while $tag do read -p '>>: ' cmdif [[ $cmd = 'quit' ]];then tag=falseelse$cmd fi done fi done
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The timing and reasons for using Linux maintenance mode: 1) When the system starts up, 2) When performing major system updates or upgrades, 3) When performing file system maintenance. Maintenance mode provides a safe and controlled environment, ensuring operational safety and efficiency, reducing impact on users, and enhancing system security.

Indispensable commands in Linux include: 1.ls: list directory contents; 2.cd: change working directory; 3.mkdir: create a new directory; 4.rm: delete file or directory; 5.cp: copy file or directory; 6.mv: move or rename file or directory. These commands help users manage files and systems efficiently by interacting with the kernel.

In Linux, file and directory management uses ls, cd, mkdir, rm, cp, mv commands, and permission management uses chmod, chown, and chgrp commands. 1. File and directory management commands such as ls-l list detailed information, mkdir-p recursively create directories. 2. Permission management commands such as chmod755file set file permissions, chownuserfile changes file owner, and chgrpgroupfile changes file group. These commands are based on file system structure and user and group systems, and operate and control through system calls and metadata.

MaintenanceModeinLinuxisaspecialbootenvironmentforcriticalsystemmaintenancetasks.Itallowsadministratorstoperformtaskslikeresettingpasswords,repairingfilesystems,andrecoveringfrombootfailuresinaminimalenvironment.ToenterMaintenanceMode,interrupttheboo

The core components of Linux include kernel, file system, shell, user and kernel space, device drivers, and performance optimization and best practices. 1) The kernel is the core of the system, managing hardware, memory and processes. 2) The file system organizes data and supports multiple types such as ext4, Btrfs and XFS. 3) Shell is the command center for users to interact with the system and supports scripting. 4) Separate user space from kernel space to ensure system stability. 5) The device driver connects the hardware to the operating system. 6) Performance optimization includes tuning system configuration and following best practices.

The five basic components of the Linux system are: 1. Kernel, 2. System library, 3. System utilities, 4. Graphical user interface, 5. Applications. The kernel manages hardware resources, the system library provides precompiled functions, system utilities are used for system management, the GUI provides visual interaction, and applications use these components to implement functions.

Linux maintenance mode can be entered through the GRUB menu. The specific steps are: 1) Select the kernel in the GRUB menu and press 'e' to edit, 2) Add 'single' or '1' at the end of the 'linux' line, 3) Press Ctrl X to start. Maintenance mode provides a secure environment for tasks such as system repair, password reset and system upgrade.

The steps to enter Linux recovery mode are: 1. Restart the system and press the specific key to enter the GRUB menu; 2. Select the option with (recoverymode); 3. Select the operation in the recovery mode menu, such as fsck or root. Recovery mode allows you to start the system in single-user mode, perform file system checks and repairs, edit configuration files, and other operations to help solve system problems.


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