HTML Tutorial

CSS3 and page layout learning summary (5) Web Font and Sprite

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Dec 05, 2016 pm 01:26 PM

1. web font

Web font is a font technology used in the web. Font-face is used in CSS to define new fonts. First understand the fonts in the operating system:

a) After installing the operating system, some fonts will be installed by default. These font files describe the shape of each text. Generally, Chinese files are larger and English files are smaller because there are many Chinese characters; text files can be found in the control panel folder, which can also be found directly under C:WindowsFonts. In addition, if you want to have richer fonts on your computer, you can download a new font file and copy it to a different location.

b). The fonts we display in the document should be found in the system to display normally. For example, if you use boldface fonts in word, but send the word file to another person, his computer does not have boldface fonts. , at this time, it cannot be displayed normally in boldface, and the same is true for web pages. In order to display fonts that are not available locally on the web page, we can use font-face. This is not a technology originated by CSS3, but has been implemented as early as IE5.

1.1. What is font-face

@font-face can load server-side font files, allowing the client to display fonts that are not installed on the client, and can implement vector icons. As shown below:

Microsoft's IE4 has begun to support this attribute, but it only supports Microsoft's own .eot (Embedded Open Type) format, and other browsers have not supported this font format until now. However, starting from Safari 3.1, web page reconstruction engineers can already set .ttf (TrueType) and .otf (OpenType) fonts as custom fonts.

1.2, font-face advantages

Scalability:
Font-based icons are resolution-independent and can be scaled to any desired degree. Your icons will look unconcerned about retina, HDPI,

Size: Crop to the correct proportion. The size of the icon font file is incredibly smaller than the bitmap. When using icon font, you don’t need to prepare different pictures according to different devices. You The APP only needs to load the icon font file once at startup.

Maintainability: Package your icon into a font file. You only need to maintain this single font file from beginning to end of the project.
By managing font files, you can organize your icon collection naturally and modify or expand it arbitrarily

Adoption: However, applying such icon fonts may affect the workflow between you and your colleagues, but convincing them to adopt such technology is also very simple, there are several free or paid tools Help you achieve your goals easily and see good application results on almost any (mobile phone) mobile platform, browser or operating system

Flexibility: The most meaningful one in application icon fonts technology The ability is to manipulate icon fonts, change color, size, and change the appearance in an instant with just a few lines of code

Interactivity:Due to flexibility and the ability to be easily manipulated through code, icon fonts are unique in Manipulated at runtime, by applying icon fonts technology, you can easily display different effects and create animations in different states.

1.3, font format

1.3.1, TrueType (.ttf) format:

.ttf font is the most common font for Windows and Mac. It is a RAW format, so it is not optimized for websites. The browsers that support this font are [IE9+, Firefox3.5+, Chrome4+, Safari3+, Opera10+, iOS Mobile Safari4.2+];
1.3.2, OpenType (.otf) format:
.otf font is considered an original font format, which is built into TrueType Basically, it also provides more functions. The browsers that support this font include [Firefox3.5+, Chrome4.0+, Safari3.1+, Opera10.0+, iOS Mobile Safari4.2+];
1.3.3. Web Open Font Format (.woff) format:
.woff font is the best format among Web fonts. It is an open compressed version of TrueType/OpenType. It also supports the separation of metadata packages and supports this The font browsers include [IE9+, Firefox3.5+, Chrome6+, Safari3.6+, Opera11.1+];
1.3.4, Embedded Open Type (.eot) format:
.eot font is a special font for IE and can Create this format font from TrueType. The browsers that support this font are [IE4+];
1.3.5, SVG (.svg) format:
.svg font is a format based on SVG font rendering, which supports this font The browsers include [Chrome4+, Safari3.1+, Opera10.0+, iOS Mobile Safari3.2+].
This means that in @font-face we need at least two format fonts, .woff and .eot, and even .svg and other fonts to support more browsing versions

1.4. Use @font-face

@font-face {
font-family: ; src: [][, []]*; [font-weight: ]; [font-style:

1.4.1, download font

There are many free icon fonts on the Internet, which can be downloaded locally. Go here: http://fontello.com/ to download the fonts, as shown below:

The decompressed fonts are as related files:

1.4.2. Use font-face to introduce fonts into the web

First copy the font file to the font folder of the project. The CSS style is as follows:

<span style="color: #800000;">            @font-face </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-family</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 'iconfont'</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字体名称</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              src</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433')</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字体文件路径</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              src</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),
                   url('font/fontello.woff2?53711433') format('woff2'),
                   url('font/fontello.woff?53711433') format('woff'),
                   url('font/fontello.ttf?53711433') format('truetype'),
                   url('font/fontello.svg?53711433#fontello') format('svg')</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-weight</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> normal</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">加粗</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-style</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> normal</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字形，如斜体</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span>
        }

1.4.3, application fonts

Find the corresponding font encoding:

Here you can convert hexadecimal character encoding into decimal, or you can use hexadecimal unicode encoding but it needs to start with x. The code is as follows:

<span style="color: #800000;">

    
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>font-face</title>
        <style type="text/css">
            @font-face </style></span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-family</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 'iconfont'</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字体名称</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              src</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433')</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字体文件路径</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              src</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),
                   url('font/fontello.woff2?53711433') format('woff2'),
                   url('font/fontello.woff?53711433') format('woff'),
                   url('font/fontello.ttf?53711433') format('truetype'),
                   url('font/fontello.svg?53711433#fontello') format('svg')</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-weight</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> normal</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">加粗</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">
              font-style</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> normal</span>;  <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">字形，如斜体</span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span>
        }<span style="color: #800000;">
        .ok</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
            font-family</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> iconfont</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
            font-size</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 16px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
            color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> blue</span>;
        }<span style="color: #800000;">
        
    
    
        <i class="ok"></i>赞
        <i class="ok"></i>赞
    
</span>

Run result:

The above example has some shortcomings, because it is necessary to query the encoding every time, which is very troublesome. You can use pseudo elements to write the content directly into CSS and keep writing it for repeated use. The simply improved code is as follows:

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">DOCTYPE html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">meta </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">charset</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="UTF-8"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>font-face<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">style </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">type</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="text/css"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            @font-face </span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-family</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 'iconfont'</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
                <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">字体名称</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                src</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433')</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
                <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">字体文件路径</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                src</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> url('font/fontello.eot?53711433#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('font/fontello.woff2?53711433') format('woff2'), url('font/fontello.woff?53711433') format('woff'), url('font/fontello.ttf?53711433') format('truetype'), url('font/fontello.svg?53711433#fontello') format('svg')</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-weight</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> normal</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
                <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">加粗</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-style</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> normal</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
                <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">字形，如斜体</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #008000;">*/</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            
            .icon </span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-family</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> iconfont</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-style</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> normal</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            
            .ok:after </span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                content</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> '\e80d'</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            
            .star:after </span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                content</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> '\e804'</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
            <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">i </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon ok"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">赞
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">i </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon star"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">5分
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
            <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">i </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon star"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">><span style="color: #800000;">i </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon star"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">><span style="color: #800000;">i </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon star"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

Run result:

Still normal under IE8:

The CSS of the icon website is actually enough:

<span style="color: #000000;">@font-face {
  font-family: 'fontello';
  src: url('../font/fontello.eot?53711433');
  src: url('../font/fontello.eot?53711433#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),
       url('../font/fontello.woff2?53711433') format('woff2'),
       url('../font/fontello.woff?53711433') format('woff'),
       url('../font/fontello.ttf?53711433') format('truetype'),
       url('../font/fontello.svg?53711433#fontello') format('svg');
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
}
/* Chrome hack: SVG is rendered more smooth in Windozze. 100% magic, uncomment if you need it. */
/* Note, that will break hinting! In other OS-es font will be not as sharp as it could be */
/*
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) {
  @font-face {
    font-family: 'fontello';
    src: url('../font/fontello.svg?53711433#fontello') format('svg');
  }
}
*/
 
 [class^="icon-"]:before, [class*=" icon-"]:before {
  font-family: "fontello";
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;
  speak: none;
 
  display: inline-block;
  text-decoration: inherit;
  width: 1em;
  margin-right: .2em;
  text-align: center;
  /* opacity: .8; */
 
  /* For safety - reset parent styles, that can break glyph codes*/
  font-variant: normal;
  text-transform: none;
 
  /* fix buttons height, for twitter bootstrap */
  line-height: 1em;
 
  /* Animation center compensation - margins should be symmetric */
  /* remove if not needed */
  margin-left: .2em;
 
  /* you can be more comfortable with increased icons size */
  /* font-size: 120%; */
 
  /* Font smoothing. That was taken from TWBS */
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
 
  /* Uncomment for 3D effect */
  /* text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px rgba(127, 127, 127, 0.3); */
}
 
.icon-music:before { content: '\e800'; } /* '' */
.icon-search:before { content: '\e801'; } /* '' */
.icon-mail:before { content: '\e802'; } /* '' */
.icon-heart:before { content: '\e803'; } /* '' */
.icon-star:before { content: '\e804'; } /* '' */
.icon-user:before { content: '\e805'; } /* '' */
.icon-videocam:before { content: '\e806'; } /* '' */
.icon-camera:before { content: '\e807'; } /* '' */
.icon-photo:before { content: '\e808'; } /* '' */
.icon-attach:before { content: '\e809'; } /* '' */
.icon-lock:before { content: '\e80a'; } /* '' */
.icon-eye:before { content: '\e80b'; } /* '' */
.icon-tag:before { content: '\e80c'; } /* '' */
.icon-thumbs-up:before { content: '\e80d'; } /* '' */
.icon-pencil:before { content: '\e80e'; } /* '' */
.icon-comment:before { content: '\e80f'; } /* '' */
.icon-location:before { content: '\e810'; } /* '' */
.icon-cup:before { content: '\e811'; } /* '' */
.icon-trash:before { content: '\e812'; } /* '' */
.icon-doc:before { content: '\e813'; } /* '' */
.icon-note:before { content: '\e814'; } /* '' */
.icon-cog:before { content: '\e815'; } /* '' */
.icon-params:before { content: '\e816'; } /* '' */
.icon-calendar:before { content: '\e817'; } /* '' */
.icon-sound:before { content: '\e818'; } /* '' */
.icon-clock:before { content: '\e819'; } /* '' */
.icon-lightbulb:before { content: '\e81a'; } /* '' */
.icon-tv:before { content: '\e81b'; } /* '' */
.icon-desktop:before { content: '\e81c'; } /* '' */
.icon-mobile:before { content: '\e81d'; } /* '' */
.icon-cd:before { content: '\e81e'; } /* '' */
.icon-inbox:before { content: '\e81f'; } /* '' */
.icon-globe:before { content: '\e820'; } /* '' */
.icon-cloud:before { content: '\e821'; } /* '' */
.icon-paper-plane:before { content: '\e822'; } /* '' */
.icon-fire:before { content: '\e823'; } /* '' */
.icon-graduation-cap:before { content: '\e824'; } /* '' */
.icon-megaphone:before { content: '\e825'; } /* '' */
.icon-database:before { content: '\e826'; } /* '' */
.icon-key:before { content: '\e827'; } /* '' */
.icon-beaker:before { content: '\e828'; } /* '' */
.icon-truck:before { content: '\e829'; } /* '' */
.icon-money:before { content: '\e82a'; } /* '' */
.icon-food:before { content: '\e82b'; } /* '' */
.icon-shop:before { content: '\e82c'; } /* '' */
.icon-diamond:before { content: '\e82d'; } /* '' */
.icon-t-shirt:before { content: '\e82e'; } /* '' */
.icon-wallet:before { content: '\e82f'; } /* '' */</span>

View Code

1.4.4、字体格式转换

有时候我们手上只有一个字体文件，但是web font为了兼容经常需要多个种格式支持，一般至少2种，一种要考虑IE浏览器，一种要考虑现代浏览器。可以使用如下的工具实现在线字体的转换，基本方法是将字体上传，在线服务的网站将一个字体文件变换成多个字体文件后下载。

常用的字体转换在线工具如下：

https://www.fontsquirrel.com/tools/webfont-generator

https://everythingfonts.com/

http://www.freefontconverter.com/

http://www.font2web.com/

这里以webfont-generator为例，测试结果如下：

先下载字体，英文字体可以去"http://www.dafont.com/"下载，字体非常多，可以按需求搜索，这里下载了一款卡通3D字体。

将下载到的字体上传：

下载网站生成的内容解压，发现使用了google的jQuery，需要替换，显示结果如下：

将字体引入到web项目中，先复制字体文件，再添加css样式，应用样式即可，示例代码如下：

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">DOCTYPE html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">meta </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">charset</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="UTF-8"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>新字体<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            @font-face </span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-family</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 'sketch3d'</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                src</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> url('font2/sketch_3d-webfont.eot')</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                src</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 
                url('font2/sketch_3d-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), 
                url('font2/sketch_3d-webfont.woff2') format('woff2'), 
                url('font2/sketch_3d-webfont.woff') format('woff')</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-weight</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> normal</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font-style</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> normal</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            span</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                font</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;">72px/100px  sketch3d</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                color</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> lightcoral</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">span</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">
            Hello Sketch 3D
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">span</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

View Code

运行结果：

常用在线工具：http://tool.lu/

字体下载：http://www.dafont.com/

1.4.5、查看字体编码

有时候我们手上有一个图标字体文件，但是不知道他的对应编码，在线工具可以检测到一些，但有时发现在线工具并不是能检测到所有的编码，使用工具：FontCreator，不仅可以创建自己的字体还可以查看字体的详细内容。

1.4.6、base64内嵌字体

有些小的字体文件可以直接编码成base64将字符放在css文件中，让css直接解析，这种办法可以减少一些客户端的请求，图片与字体文件都可以这样做，如下所示：

第一步先将字体文件转换成base64的编码，当然也可以将base64的编码反向转换成字体文件，可以使用在线工具：

http://www.motobit.com/util/base64-decoder-encoder.asp

第二将编码复制到css文件中，剩下的步骤与前面使用web font就是一样的了，示例如下：

运行结果：

https://www.web-font-generator.com/

二、CSS Sprite

CSS Sprites也就是通常说的CSS精灵，也有人称为雪碧图，是对网页中加载的图片的处理技术。在一个网页中可能有多张小的图片，如图标等，会向服务器发送多个请请求，请求数越多，服务器的压力就越大，精灵技术就是先将多张小的图片合并成一张图片，然后在CSS中分开为多张小图片的一种技术。如下图所示：

2.1、将小图片合并

可以使用在线合并，也可以使用photoshop合并，更加省事的办法是使用一些小工具，如“Css Sprite Tools”、“CSS Satyr ”,“iwangx”

2.2、使用CSS分离图片

为了分离图片，需要先了解background-position属性：

作用：设置或检索对象的背景图像位置，必须先指定属性

示例代码：

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">DOCTYPE html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">meta </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">charset</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="UTF-8"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>CSS Sprite<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">style </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">type</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="text/css"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            #icon</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                border</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 1px solid blue</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                height</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 500px</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                width</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 1000px</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                background</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> url(img/x.png) no-repeat #fff</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                background-position</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> -150px -150px</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">h2</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>CSS Sprite<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">h2</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

没有偏移时的效果：

负向偏移时的效果：

根据上面的办法可以定位到图片的任何位置开始选择背景，可以通过div的大小控制将选择的图片高宽，示例如下：

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">DOCTYPE html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">meta </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">charset</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="UTF-8"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>CSS Sprite<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">style </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">type</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="text/css"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #800000;">
            #icon</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">{</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                height</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 64px</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                width</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> 56px</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                background</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> url(img/allbgs.png) no-repeat #fff</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #ff0000;">
                background-position</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">:</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #0000ff;"> -128px 0</span><span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">;</span>
            <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000;">}</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">style</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">head</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">h2</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>CSS Sprite<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">h2</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="icon"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">html</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

运行结果：

因为第一张图片与第二张小图片的宽度都是64px，所以让大图向左边先移动128像素，Y轴不需要动，其实生成合并图片的工具已经把CSS准备好了，脚本如下：

<span style="color: #800000;">.ban</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -1px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">64px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.basket</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -64px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">64px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.bell</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -128px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">56px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.anchor</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -184px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">52px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.archive</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -236px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">64px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.archive2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">url(../imgs/allbgs.png) no-repeat -301px 0px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">64px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">padding-top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">66px</span>;}

不过，上面的CSS是可以优化的，可以将每个图标拆分成两个类样式。

2.3、小结

CSS Sprites非常值得学习和应用，特别是页面有很多很小的icon（图标），但如果需要选择使用CSS精灵技术，你需要了解它的优缺点。

优点：

a)、利用CSS Sprites能很好地减少网页的http请求，从而大大的提高页面的性能，这也是CSS Sprites最大的优点，也是其被广泛传播和应用的主要原因；

b)、CSS Sprites能减少图片的字节，曾经比较过多次3张图片合并成1张图片的字节总是小于这3张图片的字节总和。

c）、解决了网页设计师在图片命名上的困扰，只需对一张集合的图片上命名就可以了，不需要对每一个小元素进行命名，从而提高了网页的制作效率。

d)、更换风格方便，只需要在一张或少张图片上修改图片的颜色或样式，整个网页的风格就可以改变。维护起来更加方便。

缺点：
1.在图片合并的时候，你要把多张图片有序的合理的合并成一张图片，还要留好足够的空间，防止板块内出现不必要的背景；这些还好，最痛苦的是在宽屏，高分辨率的屏幕下的自适应页面，你的图片如果不够宽，很容易出现背景断裂；

2.CSS Sprites在开发的时候比较麻烦，你要通过photoshop或其他工具测量计算每一个背景单元的精确位置。

3.CSS Sprites在维护的时候比较麻烦，如果页面背景有少许改动，一般就要改这张合并的图片，无需改的地方最好不要动，这样避免改动更多的CSS，如果在原来的地方放不下，又只能（最好）往下加图片，这样图片的字节就增加了，还要改动CSS。

三、示例下载

https://github.com/zhangguo5/CSS3_5

提示：使用字体文件时请尊重创作者的版权，商业应用应该更加慎重，不过还是有不少的开源字体库的。

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