


Introduction to the differences between flush(), ob_flush(), and ob_end_flush() in PHP_PHP Tutorial
The difference between flush(), ob_flush(), and ob_end_flush():
First of all, let’s talk about the buffer. It is a memory address space, which is 4096 (1kb) [in the php.ini configuration file Find the output_buffering configuration], PHP has a php output_buffering mechanism. When the PHP code is executed, it does not output the content immediately, but wants to output the echo/print content to the buffer. When the buffer is full, the data will be handed over to the system kernel. It is passed to the browser through tcp for display. When the php php output_buffering mechanism is turned on (it is turned on by default and can be turned on through the ob_start() function), only when the data in the php buffer reaches the set value, the data in the buffer will be sent to the browser.
But browsers also have caches. Some versions of browsing only output content when the data reaches 256 bytes. flush() can immediately send the content waiting to be output to the client, while ob_flush() can only wait for the buffer Output only when full.
Here is a simple example for you to verify:
//Prevent browser caching
echo str_repeat(" ",1024);
for($i=0;$i echo $i;
sleep(1);
flush();/ / will output a number every 1s. If ob_flush() is used, it will wait for 5s and output together
}
?>

PHPsessionscanstorestrings,numbers,arrays,andobjects.1.Strings:textdatalikeusernames.2.Numbers:integersorfloatsforcounters.3.Arrays:listslikeshoppingcarts.4.Objects:complexstructuresthatareserialized.

TostartaPHPsession,usesession_start()atthescript'sbeginning.1)Placeitbeforeanyoutputtosetthesessioncookie.2)Usesessionsforuserdatalikeloginstatusorshoppingcarts.3)RegeneratesessionIDstopreventfixationattacks.4)Considerusingadatabaseforsessionstoragei

Session regeneration refers to generating a new session ID and invalidating the old ID when the user performs sensitive operations in case of session fixed attacks. The implementation steps include: 1. Detect sensitive operations, 2. Generate new session ID, 3. Destroy old session ID, 4. Update user-side session information.

PHP sessions have a significant impact on application performance. Optimization methods include: 1. Use a database to store session data to improve response speed; 2. Reduce the use of session data and only store necessary information; 3. Use a non-blocking session processor to improve concurrency capabilities; 4. Adjust the session expiration time to balance user experience and server burden; 5. Use persistent sessions to reduce the number of data read and write times.

PHPsessionsareserver-side,whilecookiesareclient-side.1)Sessionsstoredataontheserver,aremoresecure,andhandlelargerdata.2)Cookiesstoredataontheclient,arelesssecure,andlimitedinsize.Usesessionsforsensitivedataandcookiesfornon-sensitive,client-sidedata.

PHPidentifiesauser'ssessionusingsessioncookiesandsessionIDs.1)Whensession_start()iscalled,PHPgeneratesauniquesessionIDstoredinacookienamedPHPSESSIDontheuser'sbrowser.2)ThisIDallowsPHPtoretrievesessiondatafromtheserver.

The security of PHP sessions can be achieved through the following measures: 1. Use session_regenerate_id() to regenerate the session ID when the user logs in or is an important operation. 2. Encrypt the transmission session ID through the HTTPS protocol. 3. Use session_save_path() to specify the secure directory to store session data and set permissions correctly.

PHPsessionfilesarestoredinthedirectoryspecifiedbysession.save_path,typically/tmponUnix-likesystemsorC:\Windows\TemponWindows.Tocustomizethis:1)Usesession_save_path()tosetacustomdirectory,ensuringit'swritable;2)Verifythecustomdirectoryexistsandiswrita


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