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HomeWeb Front-endHTML Tutorial【03】HTML?head?头部分的标签说明 和 手机头部标签说明_html/css_WEB-ITnose

HTML head 头部分的标签、元素有很多,涉及到浏览器对网页的渲染,SEO 等等,而各个浏览器内核以及各个国内浏览器厂商都有些自己的标签元素,这就造成了很多差异性。移动互联网时代,head 头部结构,移动端的 meta 元素,显得更为重要。了解每个标签的意义,写出满足自己需求的 head 头标签,是本文的目的。总结介绍常用的 head 中各个标签、元素的意义以及使用场景。

DOCTYPE

DOCTYPE(Document Type),该声明位于文档中最前面的位置,处于 html 标签之前,此标签告知浏览器文档使用哪种 HTML 或者 XHTML 规范。

DTD(Document Type Definition) 声明以  开始,不区分大小写,前面没有任何内容,如果有其他内容(空格除外)会使浏览器在 IE 下开启怪异模式(quirks mode)渲染网页。公共 DTD,名称格式为注册//组织//类型 标签//语言,注册指组织是否由国际标准化组织(ISO)注册,+表示是,-表示不是。组织即组织名称,如:W3C。类型一般是 DTD。标签是指定公开文本描述,即对所引用的公开文本的唯一描述性名称,后面可附带版本号。最后语言是 DTD 语言的 ISO 639 语言标识符,如:EN 表示英文,ZH 表示中文。XHTML 1.0 可声明三种 DTD 类型。分别表示严格版本,过渡版本,以及基于框架的 HTML 文档。

HTML 4.01 strict

 

  1. nbsp;HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"

HTML 4.01 Transitional

 

  1. nbsp;HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

HTML 4.01 Frameset

 

  1. nbsp;HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

 

最新 HTML5 推出更加简洁的书写,它向前向后兼容,推荐使用。

 

  1. nbsp;html>

 

 

在 HTML中 doctype 有两个主要目的。

· 对文档进行有效性验证。

它告诉用户代理和校验器这个文档是按照什么 DTD 写的。这个动作是被动的,每次页面加载时,浏览器并不会下载 DTD 并检查合法性,只有当手动校验页面时才启用。

决定浏览器的呈现模式

对于实际操作,通知浏览器读取文档时用哪种解析算法。如果没有写,则浏览器则根据自身的规则对代码进行解析,可能会严重影响 html 排版布局。浏览器有三种方式解析 HTML 文档。

o 非怪异(标准)模式

o 怪异模式

o 部分怪异(近乎标准)模式 关于IE浏览器的文档模式,浏览器模式,严格模式,怪异模式,DOCTYPE 标签。

charset

声明文档使用的字符编码,

 

 

 

html5 之前网页中会这样写:

 

 

 

这两个是等效的,具体可移步阅读:?vs?,(这个链接是stackoverflow的一个问题和答案)所以建议使用较短的,易于记忆。

lang属性

简体中文

繁体中文

为什么 lang="zh-cmn-Hans" 而不是我们通常写的 lang="zh-CN" 呢,请移步阅读: 页头部的声明应该是用 lang="zh" 还是 lang="zh-cn"。

优先使用 IE 最新版本和 Chrome

 

 

 

360 使用Google Chrome Frame

 

 

 

360 浏览器就会在读取到这个标签后,立即切换对应的极速核。 另外为了保险起见再加入

 

 

 

这样写可以达到的效果是如果安装了 Google Chrome Frame,则使用 GCF 来渲染页面,如果没有安装 GCF,则使用最高版本的 IE 内核进行渲染。

相关链接:

百度禁止转码

通过百度手机打开网页时,百度可能会对你的网页进行转码,脱下你的衣服,往你的身上贴狗皮膏药的广告,为此可在 head 内添加

 

 

 

相关链接:SiteApp 转码声明

SEO 优化部分

页面标题

标签(head 头部必须) <p> </p> <p class="sycode"> </p> <ol> <li><title>your title

页面关键词 keywords

 

页面描述内容 description

 

定义网页作者 author

 

 

定义网页搜索引擎索引方式,robotterms 是一组使用英文逗号「,」分割的值,通常有如下几种取值:none,noindex,nofollow,all,index和follow。

 

 

 

相关链接:WEB1038 - 标记包含无效的值

viewport

viewport 可以让布局在移动浏览器上显示的更好。 通常会写

 

 

 

width=device-width 会导致 iPhone 5 添加到主屏后以 WebApp 全屏模式打开页面时出现黑边(http://bigc.at/ios-webapp-viewport-meta.orz)

content 参数:

· width viewport 宽度(数值/device-width)

· height viewport 高度(数值/device-height)

· initial-scale 初始缩放比例

· maximum-scale 最大缩放比例

· minimum-scale 最小缩放比例

· user-scalable 是否允许用户缩放(yes/no)

 

minimal-ui iOS 7.1 beta 2 中新增属性,可以在页面加载时最小化上下状态栏。这是一个布尔值,可以直接这样写:

 

 

 

而如果你的网站不是响应式的,请不要使用 initial-scale 或者禁用缩放。

 

 

 

相关链接:非响应式设计的viewport

适配 iPhone 6 和 iPhone 6plus 则需要写:

 

 

 

大部分 4.7~5 寸的安卓设备的 viewport 宽设为 360px,iPhone 6 上却是 375px,大部分 5.5 寸安卓机器(比如说三星 Note)的 viewport 宽为 400,iPhone 6 plus 上是 414px。

ios 设备

添加到主屏后的标题(iOS 6 新增)

 

  1.  

 

 

是否启用 WebApp 全屏模式

 

  1.  

 

 

设置状态栏的背景颜色

 

  1.  

 

 

只有在 "apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" 时生效

content 参数:

· default 默认值。

· black 状态栏背景是黑色。

· black-translucent 状态栏背景是黑色半透明。 如果设置为 default 或 black ,网页内容从状态栏底部开始。 如果设置为 black-translucent ,网页内容充满整个屏幕,顶部会被状态栏遮挡。

禁止数字识自动别为电话号码

 

  1.  

 

 

iOS 图标

rel 参数: apple-touch-icon 图片自动处理成圆角和高光等效果。 apple-touch-icon-precomposed 禁止系统自动添加效果,直接显示设计原图。 iPhone 和 iTouch,默认 57x57 像素,必须有

 

  1.  

 

 

iPad,72x72 像素,可以没有,但推荐有

 

  1.  

 

 

Retina iPhone 和 Retina iTouch,114x114 像素,可以没有,但推荐有

  1.  

 

Retina iPad,144x144 像素,可以没有,但推荐有

  1.  

 

IOS 图标大小在iPhone 6 plus上是180×180,iPhone 6 是120x120。 适配iPhone 6 plus,则需要在中加上这段

 

iOS 启动画面

官方文档:https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/qa/qa1686/_index.html 参考文章:http://wxd.ctrip.com/blog/2013/09/ios7-hig-24/

iPad 的启动画面是不包括状态栏区域的。

iPad 竖屏 768 x 1004(标准分辨率)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPad 竖屏 1536x2008(Retina)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPad 横屏 1024x748(标准分辨率)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPad 横屏 2048x1496(Retina)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPhone 和 iPod touch 的启动画面是包含状态栏区域的。

iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 320x480 (标准分辨率)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 640x960 (Retina)

 

  1.  

 

 

iPhone 5/iPod Touch 5 竖屏 640x1136 (Retina)

  1.  

 

添加智能 App 广告条 Smart App Banner(iOS 6+ Safari)

  1.  

 

iPhone 6对应的图片大小是750×1294,iPhone 6 Plus 对应的是1242×2148 。

  1.  

 

Windows 8

Windows 8 磁贴颜色

 

  1.  

 

 

Windows 8 磁贴图标

 

  1.  

 

 

rss订阅

  1.  

 

favicon icon

  1.  

 

比较详细的 favicon 介绍可参考https://github.com/audreyr/favicon-cheat-sheet

 

移动端的meta

  1.  

 

这是来自 toobug 的分享总结。

更多的 meta 标签参考

· COMPLETE LIST OF HTML META TAGS

· 18 Meta Tags Every Webpage Should Have in 2013

参考文章:

· 常用的 HTML 头部标签

 

· amazeui css

 

 



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