利用 CSS 来实现对象的垂直居中有许多不同的方法,比较难的是选择那个正确的方法。我下面说明一下我看到的好的方法和怎么来创建一个好的居中网站。
使用 CSS 实现垂直居中并不容易。有些方法在一些浏览器中无效。下面我们看一下使对象垂直集中的5种不同方法,以及它们各自的优缺点。(可以看看测试页面,有简短解释。)
方法一
这个方法把一些 div 的显示方式设置为表格,因此我们可以使用表格的 vertical-align property 属性。
Content goes here
CSS
1 |
wrapper {display:table;} #cell {display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle;} |
优点:
content 可以动态改变高度(不需在 CSS 中定义)。当 wrapper 里没有足够空间时, content 不会被截断
缺点:
Internet Explorer(甚至 IE8 beta)中无效,许多嵌套标签(其实没那么糟糕,另一个专题)
方法二:
这个方法使用绝对定位的 div,把它的 top 设置为 50%,top margin 设置为负的 content 高度。这意味着对象必须在 CSS 中指定固定的高度。
因为有固定高度,或许你想给 content 指定 overflow:auto,这样如果 content 太多的话,就会出现滚动条,以免content 溢出。
Content goes here
CSS
1 |
content { position:absolute; top:50%; height:240px; margin-top:-120px; /* negative half of the height */ } |
优点:
适用于所有浏览器
不需要嵌套标签
缺点:
没有足够空间时,content 会消失(类似div 在 body 内,当用户缩小浏览器窗口,滚动条不出现的情况)
方法三
这种方法,在 content 元素外插入一个 div。设置此 div height:50%; margin-bottom:-contentheight;。
content 清除浮动,并显示在中间。
Content here
CSS
1 |
floater {float:left; height:50%; margin-bottom:-120px;} #content {clear:both; height:240px; position:relative;} |
优点:
适用于所有浏览器
没有足够空间时(例如:窗口缩小) content 不会被截断,滚动条出现
缺点:
唯一我能想到的就是需要额外的空元素了(也没那么糟,又是另外一个话题)
方法四
这个方法使用了一个 position:absolute,有固定宽度和高度的 div。这个 div 被设置为 top:0; bottom:0;。但是因为它有固定高度,其实并不能和上下都间距为 0,因此 margin:auto; 会使它居中。使用 margin:auto;使块级元素垂直居中是很简单的。
Content here
CSS
1 |
content { position:absolute; top:0; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; margin:auto; height:240px; width:70%; } |
优点:
简单
缺点:
IE(IE8 beta)中无效
无足够空间时,content 被截断,但是不会有滚动条出现
方法五
这个方法只能将单行文本置中。只需要简单地把 line-height 设置为那个对象的 height 值就可以使文本居中了。
Content here
content {height:100px; line-height:100px;}优点:
适用于所有浏览器
无足够空间时不会被截断
缺点:
只对文本有效(块级元素无效)
多行时,断词比较糟糕
这个方法在小元素上非常有用,例如使按钮文本或者单行文本居中。
哪个方法?
我最喜欢的是方法三,缺点不多。因为 content 会清除浮动,所以可以在它上面放置别的元素,并且当窗口缩放时,
居中的 content 不会把另外的元素盖住。看例子。
Content Here
CSS
1 |
floater {float:left; height:50%; margin-bottom:-120px;} #top {float:right; width:100%; text-align:center;} #content {clear:both; height:240px; position:relative;} |
现在你知道是怎么回事了,现在我们开始创建一个简单但是有趣的网站。最终的样子是这样的:
步骤一
以语义化标签开始是很好的。下面是我们的页面构成:
这是我用到的 xhtml 代码:
A Centred Company
A Company
- Home - Products - Blog - Contact - About
Page Title
Holisticly re-engineer value-added outsourcing after process-centric collaboration and idea-sharing. Energistically simplify impactful niche markets via enabled imperatives. Holisticly predominate premium innovation after compelling scenarios. Seamlessly recaptiualize high standards in human capital with leading-edge manufactured products. Distinctively syndicate standards compliant schemas before robust vortals. Uniquely recaptiualize leveraged web-readiness vis-a-vis out-of-the-box information.
Heading 2
Efficiently embrace customized web-readiness rather than customer directed processes. Assertively grow cross-platform imperatives vis-a-vis proactive technologies. Conveniently empower multidisciplinary meta-services without enterprise-wide interfaces. Conveniently streamline competitive strategic theme areas with focused e-markets. Phosfluorescently syndicate world-class communities vis-a-vis value-added markets. Appropriately reinvent holistic services before robust e-services.
Copyright notice goes here
步骤二:
现在我们开始用一些基本的 CSS 来给页面添加样式。把以下代码放入在我们的 html 页面顶部被引入的 style.css。
CSS
1 |
html, body { margin:0; padding:0; height:100%; } body { background:url('page_bg.jpg') 50% 50% no-repeat #FC3; font-family:Georgia, Times, serifs; } #floater { position:relative; float:left; height:50%; margin-bottom:-200px; width:1px; } #centered { position:relative; clear:left; height:400px; width:80%; max-width:800px; min-width:400px; margin:0 auto; background:#fff; border:4px solid #666; } #bottom { position:absolute; bottom:0; right:0; } #nav { position:absolute; left:0; top:0; bottom:0; right:70%; padding:20px; margin:10px; } #content { position:absolute; left:30%; right:0; top:0; bottom:0; overflow:auto; height:340px; padding:20px; margin:10px; } |
在我们能够把 content 垂直居中之前, body 和 html 应该被拉伸到 100% 的高度。由于 height
在 padding 和 margin 之内,所以我们要把它们设成 0 以防止因为很小的 margin 出现滚动条。
floater 的 margin-bottom 是 content 高度(400px)的一半, -200px。
现在可以看到一下效果:
centred 的宽度为 80%。这可以市网页随着显示器的大小而变化。一般称作流体布局。设置 min-width 和max-width 以避免网页过大或者过小。 但是 IE 不支持 min/max-width。显然可以用固定宽度来代替。
因为 #centred 是相对定位的,在它里面我们可以用绝对定位来定位元素。设置 #content 的 overflow:auto;
以避免滚动条的出现。IE 不怎么喜欢 overflow:auto; 除非我们指定高度(不是 top 和 bottom 的定位,也不是 %)
因此我们给它指定高度。
步骤三
最后要做的就是再添加点样式,让页面好看点。从目录开始吧。
CSS
1 |
nav ul { list-style:none; padding:0; margin:20px 0 0 0; text-indent:0; } #nav li { padding:0; margin:3px; } #nav li a { display:block; background-color:#e8e8e8; padding:7px; margin:0; text-decoration:none; color:#000; border-bottom:1px solid #bbb; text-align:right; } #nav li a::after { content:'»'; color:#aaa; font-weight:bold; display:inline; float:right; margin:0 2px 0 5px; } #nav li a:hover, #nav li a:focus { background:#f8f8f8; border-bottom-color:#777; } #nav li a:hover::after { margin:0 0 0 7px; color:#f93; } #nav li a:active { padding:8px 7px 6px 7px; } |
需要注意的是 #centred 的圆角。 CSS3 中,应该有 border-radius 属性来设定圆角的半径(可参考 CSS3之旅: border-radius(圆角) – 糖伴西红柿)。现在的
流行的浏览器都还不支持,除非用 -moz(Molilla Firefox) 或者 -webit(Safari/Webkit) 前缀.
兼容性注意事项
如你所想,IE 是唯一添麻烦的浏览器。
#floater 必须指定宽度,否则在任意版本 IE 中,它都啥也不干
IE 6 中目录被周围太多的空间打断
IE 8 有多余空间(作者遗漏)
更多的想法
利用居中的网页可以做很多有意思的事情。我在重新设计 SWFObject Generator 2.0 (使用 SWFObject2.0 生成代码)使用了这个想法。这里有另外的一个想法。
资料
以下是我参考的一些资料,推荐阅读。
Understanding vertical-align, or “How (Not) To Vertically Center Content”
Vertical centering using CSS
Vertical Centering in CSS
糖伴西红柿说:
水平居中经常用,其实垂直居中也很有用的。平时用的最多的应该是方法五了,算是个小技巧吧。
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