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HomeWeb Front-endHTML Tutorial理解CSS相对定位和固定定位_html/css_WEB-ITnose

× 目录 [1]相对定位 [2]固定定位

前面的话

  一般地,说起定位元素是指position不为static的元素,包括relative、absolute和fixed。前面已经详细介绍过absolute绝对定位的基础和应用,这篇博客介绍和梳理相对定位relative和固定定位fixed的相关知识

 

相对定位

定义

  可能理解起来最简单的定位机制就是相对定位了。采用这种机制时,通过使用偏移属性移动定位元素。当元素相对定位时,它会从其正常位置移走,不过,原来所占的空间并不会因此消失。相对定位元素,会为其所有子元素建立一个新的包含块。这个包含块对应于该元素原本所在的位置

  [注意]如果相对定位元素遇到过度受限的问题,一个值会重置为另一个值的相反数。bottom总是等于-top,right总是等于-left

 

特性

【1】限制范围

  一般地,给绝对定位元素限制范围时,为其父级元素设置相对定位relative,因为相对定位元素不脱离文档流

  [注意]相对定位元素可以限制绝对定位,但不能限制固定定位,因为固定定位是相对于视窗定位的

【2】提升层级

  当想要提升元素层级,又不想脱离文档流时,使用相对定位是一个好主意

 

行内元素

  不同于绝对定位元素可以使元素具有块级元素属性,相对定位应用于inline元素后,由于无法改变其行内元素的属性,不具备块级元素属性,无法设置宽高,其上下margin也依然存在问题

 

IE兼容

  在IE6浏览器下,haslayout下的元素负margin超出父元素的部分会被隐藏掉。这个问题可以通过设置margin负值元素的position属性值为relative来解决。

 

固定定位

  固定定位与绝对定位很类似,元素会完全从文档流中去除,但固定元素的偏移是相对于视窗。

  [注意]IE7-浏览器不支持

 

特性

  固定定位与绝对定位的很多特性都类似,具有包裹性、破坏性及去浮动的特性,关于各浏览器中display属性的bug、clip属性的隐藏功能、静态位置跳动以及overflow失效的表现都相同,在此就不再赘述。

 

全屏遮罩

  当页面内容超出页面容器大小出现滚动条时,此时使用absolute全屏遮罩会出现滚动条以外部分没有遮住的情况。因为根元素html的父级是document,document的高度和可视区域一致,也就是与视窗一致,是不包括滚动条以外部分的。

  这时,只能使用fixed固定定位来实现全屏遮罩效果

.page{    position: absolute;    top: 0;    bottom: 0;    left: 0;    right: 0;    background-color: pink;    z-index: -1;}    .test{    width: 2000px;    height: 200px;    background-color: lightblue;}

<div class="page" id="page"></div><div class="test"></div>    <button>absolute</button><button>fixed</button>

var btns = document.getElementsByTagName('button');for(var i = 0; i < btns.length; i++){    btns[i].onclick = function(){        page.style.position = this.innerHTML;    }}

//分别点击两个按钮,并拖动横向滚动条查看效果

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