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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython程序设计入门(5)类的使用简介

一、类的定义和使用

python定义一个类的基本语法是:

复制代码 代码如下:
class classname([基类一,基类二...]):

    [def __init__(self, [agv1,agv2...]):]  # 定义构造函数

    def method1(self, [agv1,agv2...]):  # 成员函数



   
使用时用:

对象实例名 = 类名(参数列表)

对象实例名.成员函数名(参数列表)

和其它语言不同之处是:

(1) python没有new关键字
(2) 成员函数必须带有 self 参数(它相当于传统语言里的 this )
(3) 成员变量不需要显式定义,不过为了方便起见,大多数人还是会在构造函数里定义,以免过于莫名其妙。
例:

复制代码 代码如下:
# -*- coding: gb18030 -*-
class mycls:

    def __init__(self, vl, vr):
        self.l = vl
        self.r = vr
    def show_me(self):
        print x.l, x.r

x = mycls(3, 15)
x.show_me()

二、高级应用

1、成员函数类型变量

python 可以直接把一个成员函数作为一个变量,就上面的类而言,可以这样:

复制代码 代码如下:
x = mycls(3, 15)
myx = x.show_me()
print 'I am a copy!\n'
myx

2、继承和多继承

要继承其它类,定义时指定要继承的基类即可
class classname([基类一,基类二...]):

3、私有成员

python实际上并没有私有成员的概念,不过如果把变量名定义为 ___var (三个下划线)这样系统会自动把名称改为 _classname___var,

这个值可以用 self.___var 读取(因为会一起替换),但在外部是无法用  obj.___var 读取的。

如:

复制代码 代码如下:
class test_cls:

    def __init__(self):
        self.___aaa = 'I am a python!'

    def test_func(self):
        print self.___aaa

#这种方法能输出正确结果
x = test_cls()
x.test_func()

#下面这种方法会报错!
x = test_cls()
print x.___aaa

三、迭代器 和 发生器

在 python 中,很多东西都是可以用 for 来遍历的,实际是这个东西的实现是通过迭代器或发生器来实现的

1、迭代器

复制代码 代码如下:
class Reverse:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.index = len(data)

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def next(self):
        if self.index == 0:
            raise StopIteration
        self.index = self.index - 1
        return self.data[self.index]

#应用
for cin Reverse('spam'):
    print c

这里的重点是 __iter__ 和 next 两个函数,使用  next 时,用  raise StopIteration 指定遍历结束。

2、发生器

发生器实际是用单独一个函数实现被遍历的源
在发生器函数中, 用 yield varname 返回每次被遍历的元素即可
例:

复制代码 代码如下:
def reverse(data):
    for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1):
        yield data[index]

for c in reverse('golf'):
    print c

至此,python的基本语法也说得差不多了,至于其它一些隐秘的东西,需要大家实际操作去发现了。

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