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php教程|php基础知识

第1章  初识PHP

当前网络技术发展日新月异,各种基于服务端创建动态网站的脚本语言更是层出不穷。其中PHP以其简单、易用、可移植性强等特点,在众多的动态网站语言技术中独树一帜。那么到底什么是PHP,如何使用PHP?本章将来回答这些问题。通过本章的学习,将使读者对PHP有一个大致的了解,并将学会如何把PHP代码加入普通Web页中。

1.1  关于静态网页与动态网页

目前网上的网页有静态网页与动态网页两种形式。在讲这两种网页之前,先了解一下网络构成中的客户机(Client)与服务器(Server)。服务器是安装有服务器软件并且可以向客户机提供诸如网页浏览、数据库查询等服务的设备。而客户机则与之相反,它通过客户端软件如网页浏览器从服务器上获得如网页浏览、软件下载等服务。简单地讲,服务器就是服务提供者,而客户机则是服务获得者。

 1.1.1  传统的静态网页HTML

静态网页的实现模式如图所示: 静态网页有以下几个特点:静态网页不能自动更新。静态网页的内容不随浏览用户、浏览时间等条件的变化而变化。静态网页一经发布,无论浏览者浏览与否,它都是实实在在存在的一个文件,都对应一个URL。用静态网页实现人机交互有相当大的局限性。

1.1.2  动态网页与传统网页的区别

与静态网页的实现方法不同,动态网页服务的实现过程如下:客户端向服务器提出申请,服务器根据用户请求,把动态网页内部的代码先在服务器上进行相应的处理,再把生成的结果发送给客户端。其模式如图所示:

1.1.2  动态网页与传统网页的区别

动态网页有以下几个特点:

动态网页在服务器端运行。

不同的人、不同时间、不同地点浏览同一个动态网页,根据代码处理结果不同,会返回不同的内容。

动态网页只有经客户浏览时才会返回一个完整的网页,而其本身并不是一个独立存在于服务器的网页文件。

与静态网页相比,动态网页更容易实现人机交互。

动态网页构建的网站维护起来比静态网页要容易。

1.2  关于PHP

上一节为读者介绍了静态网页与动态网页,而PHP就是动态网页技术中的一种。那么到底什么是PHP,它的发展历史是怎么样的呢?与其他动态网页技术相比,PHP都有些什么特点呢?本节将为读者来解答这些问题。

1.2.1  什么是PHP

早期有人将PHP解释为Personal Home Page,即个人主页。也有人将PHP称作:“PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor”。通俗地说,PHP是一种服务器端、跨平台、可以嵌入HTML的脚本语言。服务器端执行的特性标明了它是动态网页的一种。跨平台,则是指PHP不仅可以运行在Linux系统下同时也可以运行在UNIX或者Windows系统下。另外它还可以很简单地嵌入到普通的HTML页中,用户所要做的只是在普通HTML页中加入PHP代码即可。

1.2.2  PHP的发展历史

PHP最初在1994年由Rasmus Lerdorf进行开发。1995年中期又发布了PHP的第2个版本,定名为PHP/FI(Form Interpreter)。

1997年中开始了第三版的开发计划,开发小组加入了Zeev Suraski及Andi Gutmans,而第三版就定名为PHP  3.0。

2000年5月,PHP 4.0正式发布。它使用了Zend(Zeev+Andi)引擎,提供更高的性能。

2004年7月,PHP 5问世。PHP 5的诞生,使PHP编程进入了一个新时代。Zend  II引擎的采用,完备的对象模型、改进的语法设计。终使得PHP成为一个设计完备、真正具有面向对象能力的脚本语言。

1.2.3  PHP与其他CGI程序相比较

同样作为服务端编程语言,PHP与其他CGI程序如ASP.NET、JSP等相比较有其自身的特点,主要表现在以下几个方面:Web服务器支持方面。运行平台的支持。脚本语言不同。数据库支持不同。面向对象的支持不同。

1.3  第一个程序——HELLO WORLD!

<title>HELLO WORLD!</title><!--以上为普通HTML代码,以下为PHP代码--><span style="color: #000000;">php    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "HELLO WORLD!";                                    <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">用echo打印字符串</span>?><!--以上为PHP代码-->

1.3.1  页面中加入PHP代码

PHP是一种可嵌入的语言。也就是说,它可以很方便地加入到一般常见的HTML页中。用户请求PHP文件时,相关的PHP代码先在服务器端解释执行,生成新的HTML信息,再连同原有的HTML代码一起发送给用户。

1.3.2  PHP页中加入注释

PHP有三种注释:

单行注释:#,//
多行注释:/*some code*/

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